Blockchain Developer's Guide
更新时间：2021-07-02 15:13:07
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Blockchain Developer's Guide
About Packt
Why subscribe?
Packt.com
Contributors
About the authors
Packt is searching for authors like you
Preface
Who this book is for
What this book covers
To get the most out of this book
Download the example code files
Conventions used
Get in touch
Reviews
Blockchain 101
Processing a financial transaction
Ledger
Concept of a trustless system
Introducing blockchain
General elements of blockchain
Peer-to-peer network
Block
Block header
Addresses
Wallets
Transaction
Nodes
What does blockchain solve?
Types of blockchains
Public blockchain
Semi-private blockchain
Private blockchain
Consortium blockchain
Byzantine generals problem
Consensus
Blockchain in a nutshell
Benefits
Banking records
Medical records
Government records
Creative and copyright records
University degree records
Challenges
Complexity
Network scalability
Speed and cost
Double spending
Summary
Components and Structure of Blockchain
Blocks
The chain between blocks
Hashing and signatures
Digital signatures
What are digital keys?
Example block data
Example Ethereum block
Bitcoin block
Global state
Block time and block size
Blockchain miners
Blockchain validators
Smart contracts
Blockchain speed
How to calculate blockchain throughput
Comparisons with traditional networks
Summary
Decentralization Versus Distributed Systems
Distributed systems
Resiliency
Fault tolerance and failure isolation
Consensus and coordination
Backups
Consistency
Peer-to-peer systems
Decentralized systems
Principles of decentralized systems
Open access
Non-hierarchical
Ecosystem diversity
Transparency
Downsides
Speed
Censorship resistance
Chaos and non-determinism
Summary
Cryptography and Mechanics Behind Blockchain
Principles of security
Historical perspective – classical cryptography
Types of cryptography
Symmetric cryptography
Asymmetric (public-key) cryptography
Signatures
Hashing
The avalanche effect
Collisions
Hashing a block
Hashing outside PoW
Summary
Bitcoin
The history of Bitcoin
Why Bitcoin is volatile
Keys and addresses
Currency units
Vanity addresses
Base58 check encoding
Transactions
Types
Pay-to-Public-Key Hash
Pay-to-Script Hash
Blocks
Genesis block
Bitcoin network
Types of nodes
Full node
Lightweight nodes
Other nodes
Network discovery
Finding peers
DNS seeds
Static IPs
Wallets
Types
Deterministic wallet
Deterministic wallets
HD wallets
Non-deterministic wallet
Summary
Altcoins
Introducing Altcoins
Tokens
Ethereum
Omni Layer
NEO
Waves
Counterparty
Alternative currency
Monetary alternatives
Consensus alternatives
Litecoin
Ether
Ripple
Bitcoin Cash
Acquiring cryptocurrency
Mining of cryptocurrency
Bitcoin mining
Mining difficulty
Mining pools
Altcoin mining
Cryptocurrency exchanges
Cryptocurrency wallets
Summary
Achieving Consensus
Practical Byzantine fault tolerance algorithm
Byzantine faults
How PBFT works
Proof of Work
How the PoW problem works in Bitcoin
Proof of Stake
The nothing-at-stake attack
Variations
Delegated Proof of Stake
Tendermint consensus
Proof of Authority
Establishing authority
Proof of Elapsed time
Summary
References
Advanced Blockchain Concepts
Blockchain and banks
Unbanked – going pure crypto
Fixing pegs
Buying options
Why regulated exchanges?
Unbanked and unincorporated?
The DAO
Decentralizing an organization
Putting a corporation on a blockchain
Cutting out the middle man
Providing capital
Social purpose – blockchain as leveler
Banking the unbanked
Silk road LLC – privacy and ethics
Tracking all the things
Defeating some privacy issues with zero-knowledge proofs
Unwrapping the concept of zero-knowledge proofs
Summary
Cryptocurrency Wallets
Introduction to cryptocurrency wallets
Transactions in cryptocurrency wallets
Types of cryptocurrency wallets
Currency support
Tenancy
Software wallets
Hardware wallets
Paper wallets
Brain wallet
Usage frequency
Key derivation
Non-deterministic wallet
Deterministic wallets
Hierarchical deterministic wallets
Mnemonic codes
Key generation process in HD wallets
Child key derivation
Private key generation
Extended keys
Summary
Alternate Blockchains
Various uses of blockchain
Government
Healthcare
Medical research
Supply chain
Copyright
Fine art
Shipping
Energy
Computation and data storage
Identification and social security
Enterprise
Ripple
Transactions
Stellar
Tendermint
Monax
Summary
Hyperledger and Enterprise Blockchains
History of Hyperledger
Hyperledger projects
Hyperledger Burrow
Hyperledger Sawtooth
Sawtooth architecture
Transaction families
Transactions and batches
The key pieces
Hyperledger Fabric
Architecture choices and features
Organizational focus
Private channels
Assets
Smart contracts
Advantages of Fabric
Hyperledger Iroha
Hyperledger Indy
Tools in Hyperledger
Hyperledger Caliper
Hyperledger Composer
Hyperledger Cello
Hyperledger Explorer
Hyperledger Quilt
Relationships between the tools
Which Hyperledger project should you use?
Using Hyperledger
Summary
Ethereum 101
Introducing Ethereum
Components of Ethereum
Ethereum accounts
Ethereum network
Ethereum public MainNet
Ethereum clients
Geth
Installing Geth
Managing accounts
Ethereum gas
Ethereum virtual machine
Execution environment
Ethereum block
Block header
Ommers or uncles
Messages
Ethash
Ether
Procuring ether
Trading
Summary
Solidity 101
Basics of Solidity
The basics of working on Solidity
Using the compiler
Programming in Solidity
Laying out a Solidity file
Importing files
Commenting
Tags
Structure of a contract
State variables
Functions
Function modifiers
Events
Types
Value types
Boolean
Integers
Address
Array value type
Literal
Enums
Function
Function Modifiers
Reference types
Structs
Data location
Mapping
Units and global variables
Summary
Smart Contracts
Why smart contracts?
Automating processes and resolutions between parties
Real-world example
Increased transparency
Ending centralized data
Increased fairness
Smart contract approaches
Example Ethereum smart contracts
The promises
Security considerations
Dealing with threats in smart contracts
Limitations of smart contracts
Data quality and mistakes
Legal validity
Stability of meaning
Summary
References
Ethereum Accounts and Ether Tokens
Introducing Ethereum accounts
Ethereum state transition function
Genesis block
Transaction receipts
Elements
Post-transaction state
Gas used
Set of logs
The bloom filter
Structure
Transaction sub state
Suicide set
Log series
Refund balance
Messages
Calls
Ethereum block validation
Uncles validation
Block difficulty
Block finalization
Disadvantages of Ethereum-based tokens
Summary
Decentralized Applications
What makes an application decentralized
Defining a decentralized application
Decentralized apps and blockchain
Using blockchain does not make an application decentralized
Major decentralized blockchain applications
Aragon
district0x
What is a district?
Ethereum name service
Civic/uPort
Gnosis
Steemit
CryptoKitties
Summary
References
Mining
Cryptocurrency mining
The mining process
Algorithms
Mining hardware
CPU-based mining
GPU-based mining
FPGA-based mining
ASIC-based mining
Miner types
Cloud mining
Hardware mining
Mining rigs
Mining pools
Pay-per-share – PPS
Proportional – PROP
Pay-per-last-N-shares – PPLNS
The double geometric method – DGM
Shared maximum pay per share – SMPPS
Equalized shared maximum pay per share – ESMPPS
Recent shared maximum pay per share – RSMPPS
Capped pay per share with recent backpay – CPPSRB
Bitcoin pooled mining – BPM
Pay on target – POT
SCORE
Popular pools
Mining software
Summary
ICO 101
The current state of the ICO market
Increasing volume of ICOs
Typical aspects of an ICO campaign
Whitepaper
Private placement
Pre-sale
Good pre-sale practices
Public sale
Capped sale
Uncapped sale
Dutch auction
Influencer marketing
PR campaigns
Content marketing
ICO reviewers
Smart contract and prototype development
Code audits
Bounty campaigns
Airdrops
Road shows
Issues with ICOs and blockchain projects
Proof of product-market fit and traction
Low barrier to entry
Does a project really need the blockchain?
Misleading token practices
Legality
Utility versus Security
Other considerations
Sustainability
Advantages of ICOs
Liquidity
Lack of gatekeepers
Minimal investment sizes
Notable scams
Onecoin
Pincoin and iFan
Bitconnect
Other problems
Major hacks
The DAO
Parity
Securing an ICO
SSH key locked servers
DNS security
Intrusion detection
Purchase related domains
Monitor social channels
Multi-signature wallets
Code audits
Conclusion
References
Creating Your Own Currency
Understanding types of cryptocurrency
Tokens based on existing blockchains
Creating a new blockchain from scratch
A forked blockchain with one's own genesis block
Litecoin's development
The process
Creating one's own cryptocurrency
Setting up Litecoin
Platform selection
Preparation
Dependency installation
Build instructions
Setting up our own coin
Port selection
The setting of block-related parameters
Amount limit
The coinbase maturity number
Genesis block creation
Wallet address
Checkpoints
Creatives and graphics
Summing up
Summary
Scalability and Other Challenges
Scalability and decentralization
Blockchains in business
Usability
Lack of protection
51% attacks
Network forks
Catastrophic bugs
Lack of interoperability
Low availability of blockchain skills
Privacy
Energy consumption
Summary
References
Future of Blockchain
Ongoing fragmentation and specialization
Video games
Real estate
Logistics
Licensing
Industry consortiums
A large number of total-loss projects
Legal and regulatory evolution
Security token offerings
Aggregate and insurance products
Technological stabilization
Ethereum and Hyperledger
Service consolidation and product offerings
Cross-chain communication
Intersecting with AI and IoT
Blockchain-intersecting AI
Blockchain-intersecting IoT
Summary
Understanding Decentralized Applications
Decentralized autonomous organization
User identity in DApps
User accounts in DApps
Accessing the centralized apps
Internal currency in DApps
Disadvantages of internal currency in DApps
What are permissioned DApps?
Popular DApps
Bitcoin
What is a ledger?
What is blockchain?
Is Bitcoin legal?
Why would someone use Bitcoin?
Ethereum
The Hyperledger project
IPFS
How does it work?
Filecoin
Namecoin
.bit domains
Dash
Decentralized governance and budgeting
Decentralized service
BigChainDB
OpenBazaar
Ripple
Summary
Understanding How Ethereum Works
Transactions
Timestamp
Nonce
Block time
Forking
Genesis block
Peer discovery
Whisper and Swarm
Ethereum Wallet
Serenity
Payment and state channels
Proof-of-stake and casper
Sharding
Summary
Writing Smart Contracts
Solidity source files
The structure of a smart contract
Data location
What are the different data types?
Arrays
Strings
Structs
Enums
Mappings
The delete operator
Conversion between elementary types
Using var
Control structures
Creating contracts using the new operator
Exceptions
External function calls
Features of contracts
Visibility
Function modifiers
The fallback function
Inheritance
The super keyword
Abstract contracts
Libraries
Using for
Returning multiple values
Importing other Solidity source files
Globally available variables
Block and transaction properties
Address type related
Contract related
Ether units
Proof of existence integrity and ownership contract
Compiling and deploying contracts
Summary
Getting Started with web3.js
Introduction to web3.js
Importing web3.js
Connecting to nodes
The API structure
BigNumber.js
Unit conversion
Retrieving gas price balance and transaction details
Sending ether
Working with contracts
Retrieving and listening to contract events
Building a client for an ownership contract
The project structure
Building the backend
Building the frontend
Testing the client
Summary
Building a Wallet Service
hooked-web3-provider and ethereumjs-tx libraries
Introduction to LightWallet
HD derivation path
Building a wallet service
Prerequisites
Project structure
Building the backend
Building the frontend
Testing
Summary
Building a Smart Contract Deployment Platform
Calculating a transaction's nonce
Introducing solcjs
Installing solcjs
solcjs APIs
Using a different compiler version
Linking libraries
Updating the ABI
Building a contract deployment platform
The project structure
Building the backend
Building the frontend
Testing
Summary
Building a Betting App
Introduction to Oraclize
How does it work?
Data sources
Proof of authenticity
Pricing
Getting started with the Oraclize API
Setting the proof type and storage location
Sending queries
Scheduling queries
Custom gas
Callback functions
Parsing helpers
Getting the query price
Encrypting queries
Decrypting the data source
Oraclize web IDE
Working with strings
Building the betting contract
Building a client for the betting contract
Projecting the structure
Building the backend
Building the frontend
Testing the client
Summary
Building Enterprise Level Smart Contracts
Exploring ethereumjs-testrpc
Installation and usage
The testrpc command-line application
Using ethereumjs-testrpc as a web3 provider or as an HTTP server
Available RPC methods
What are event topics?
Getting started with truffle-contract
Installing and importing truffle-contract
Setting up a testing environment
The truffle-contract API
The contract abstraction API
Creating contract instances
The contract instance API
Introduction to truffle
Installing truffle
Initializing truffle
Compiling contracts
Configuration files
Deploying contracts
Migration files
Writing migrations
Unit testing contracts
Writing tests in JavaScript
Writing tests in Solidity
How to send ether to a test contract
Running tests
Package management
Package management via NPM
Package management via EthPM
Using contracts of packages within your contracts
Using artifacts of packages within your JavaScript code
Accessing a package's contracts deployed addresses in Solidity
Using truffle's console
Running external scripts in truffle's context
Truffle's build pipeline
Running an external command
Running a custom function
Truffle's default builder
Building a client
Truffle's server
Summary
Building a Consortium Blockchain
What is a consortium blockchain?
What is Proof-of-Authority consensus?
Introduction to parity
Understanding how Aura works
Getting parity running
Installing rust
Linux
OS X
Windows
Downloading installing and running parity
Creating a private network
Creating accounts
Creating a specification file
Launching nodes
Connecting nodes
Permissioning and privacy
Summary
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更新时间：2021-07-02 15:13:07