第59章 Malthus(17)

16.Voltaire says in the Dictionnaire Philosophique (art."Population")；'On the propage point en Progression Géométrique.Tous les calcus qu'on a faits sur cette prétendu multiplication sont des chimères absurdes.'They had been used to reconcile the story of the deluge with the admitted population of the world soon afterwards.

17.Essay (1826)，ii，453n.I cite from this，the last edition published in Malthus's lifetime，unless otherwise stated.

18.Essay ，ii，251(bk.iii，ch.xiv).

19.Ibid.(1798)，p.141.

20.Essay ，ii，449(Appendix).

21.Essay ，ii，473(Appendix).

22.Ibid.(Second Edition)，p.400.The passage is given in full in Malthus and his Work ，p.307.

23.Essay ，i，469(bk.ii，ch.x).Eden had made the same remark.

24.Ibid.ii，229(bk.iii，ch.xiv).

25.Correspondence in Senior's Three Essays on Population (1829).

26.Essay i，234(bk.i，ch.ii).

27.Mr Bonar thinks (Malthus and his Work ，p.324)that Malthus followed Paley's predeccesor，Abraham Tucker，rather than Paley.The difference is not for my purpose important.

In any case，Malthus's references are to Paley.

28.Essay ，ii，266(bk.iv，ch.i).

29.Essay (first edition)p.212.

30.Ibid.i，16n.(bk.i，ch.ii).

31.See e.g.his remarks upon Condorcet in Essays ii，8(bk.iii，ch.i)；and Owen in Ibid.ii，48(bk.iii，ch.ii).

32.Essay ，i，15n.(bk.i，ch.ii)；and see Ibid.(edit.of 1807)ii，128.

33.Ibid.(1807)ii，128.

34.Ibid.(1807)ii，3(bk.ii，ch.ii).(Omitted in later editions).

35.Mr.A.R.Wallace，Darwin's fellow-discoverer of the doctrine，also learned from Malthus.See Clodd's Pioneers of Evolution .Malthus uses the phrase 'struggle for existence'in relation to a fight between two savage tribes in the first edition of his Essay ，p.48.In replying to Condorcet，Malthus speaks (Essay ，ii，12，bk.iii，ch.i)of the possible improvement of living organisms.

He argues that，though a plant may be improved，it cannot be indefinitely improved by cultivation.A carnation could not be made as large as tulip.

It has been said that this implies a condemnation by anticipation of theories of the development of species.This is hardly correct.Malthus simply urges against Condorcet that our inability to fix limits precisely does not imply that there are no limits.This，it would see，must be admitted by all hands.

Evolution implies definite though not precisely definable limits.Life may be lengthened，but not made immortal.

36.Essay (first edition)，353.

37.Ibid.ii，42n.(bk.iii，ch.iii).

38.Essay ，ii，301-36(bk.Iv，ch.I，and ii).Sumner's Treatise on the Records of the Creation，and on the Moral Attributes of the Creator：with Particular Reference to the Jewish History and the Consistency of the Principle of Population with the Wisdom and Goodness of the Creator (1815)，had gained the second Burnett prize.It went through many editions；and shows how Cuvier confirms Genesis，and Malthus proves that the world was intended to involve a competition favourable to the industrious and sober.Sumner's view of Malthus is given in Part II，chaps，v and vi.In previous chapters he had supported Malthus's attack on Godwin and Condorcet.

39.Essay ，ii，266(bk.iv，ch.i).

40，Essay ，ii，268(bk.iv.ch.i).

41.Ibid.(bk.iv.ch.ii).

42.Essay ，ii，241(bk.iii，ch.xiv).

43.Ibid.ii，241(bk.iii，ch.xiv).

44.Ibid.ii，293(bk.iv，ch.iv).

45.Ibid.ii，425(bk.iv，ch.xiii).Malthus expresses a hope that Paley had modified his vies upon population，and refers to a passage in the Natural Theology.

46.Essay ，ii，292(bk.iv，ch.iv).

47.Political Economy (1836)，p.214.

48.Essay ，ii，298(bk.iv，ch.iv).

49.Ibid，ii，86(bk.iii，ch.vi)

50.Ibid.ii，87(bk.iii，ch.vi).

51.Essay ，ii，90(bk.iii，ch.vi).

52.Ibid.ii，338(bk.iv.ch.viii).

53.Ibid，ii，(bk.iv，ch.x).

54.Ibid.ii，353(bk.iv，ch.ix).

55.Essays ，ii，356(bk.iv，ch.ix).

56.Ibid.ii，497(bk.iv.ch.xii).

57.Ibid.ii，375(bk.iv，ch.xi).

58.Ibid.ii，429(bk.iv，ch.xiii).

59.Essay of 1807(bk.iii，ch.ii，and vol.ii，p.111).The phrases quoted are toned down in later editions.

60.Essay ，i，330(bk.ii，ch.iv).

61.Ibid.ii，300(bk.iv.ch.v).

62.Ibid.ii，405(bk.iv，ch.xiii).

63.Ibid.i，343(bk.ii，ch.v).

64.Essay ，ii，424(bk.iv，ch.xiii).

65.Ibid.ii，304(bk.iv.ch.v).

66.Essay ，i，75(bk.i，ch.v).

67.Ibid.(bk.ii，ch.vi).

68.Essay ，ii，318(bk.iv，ch.vi).

69.Essay ，ii，315(bk.iv.ch.v).

70.Ibid.ii，326(bk.iv，ch.vi).

71.Ibid.ii，78(bk.iii，ch.v).

72.Essay ，ii，454(Appendix).

73Ibid.ii，82(bk.iii，ch.vi).

74.Ibid.ii，90(bk.iii，ch.vi).

75.Senior's Three Lectures ，p.86.

76.Senior's Three Lectures ，p.60.

77.Essay ，i，534(bk.ii，ch.xiii).

78.Smith's Works (1859)，i，295.

79.Observations on the Effects of the Corn-Laws ，1814；Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent ，1815；and The Grounds of an Opinion on the Policy of restricting the Importation of Foreign Corn，intended as an appendix to the Observations on the Corn-Laws .

80.Inquiry into Rent ，p.1.

81.Ibid.p.16.

82.Essay ，ii，35(bk.iii，ch.ii).

83Inquiry into Rent，p.20.

84.Ibid.p.18.

85.Ibid.p.38.

86.Inquiry into Rent，p.20.

87.Ibid.p.37.

88.Essays on the Application of Capital to Land ，by a Fellow of University College，Oxford，1815.

89.Essay ，p.19.

90.In An Inquiry into the Nature of the Corn-Laws ，and again (1801)in Observations on Agriculture ，etc.vol.v，401-51.

91.Political Works ，i，485，etc.In this paper，I may add，Cobbett，not yet a Radical，accepts Malthus's view of the tendency of the human species to multiply more quickly than its support.He does not mention Malthus，but speaks of the belief as universally admitted，and afterwards illustrates it amusingly by saying that，in his ploughboy days，he used to wonder that there was always just enough hay for the horses and enough horses for the hay.