第76章 Ricardo(17)

47.Works ,p.132(chap.xvii).He admits (Ibid.p.210n.)That the labourer may have a little more than what is absolutely necessary,and that his inference is therefore 'expressed too strongly.'

48.See Letters to M'Culloch ,p.xxi.

49.'The assaults upon Malthus's "great work,"'he says (Works ,p.243,ch.xxxii),'have only served to prove its strength.'

50.Letters to Malthus ,p.226.

51.Works ,p.58(ch.v).

52.Ibid.p.211n.(ch.xxvi).

53.Ibid.p.258(ch.xxxii).

54.Works ,p.248(ch.xxii).

55.Bain's James Mill ,p.214.

56.Editions in 1821,1824and 1826.

57.Autobiography ,p.204.

58.The first edition,an expanded version of an article in the Encyclopaedia Britannica ,appeared in 1825.

59.Latter Day Pamphlets (New Downing Street).M'Crowdy is obviously a type,not an individual.

60.See Mr Hewin's life of him in Dictionary of National Biography .

61.Fourth edition in 1827.

62.Ricardo's Works ,p.164n.

63.External Corn-Trade ,preface to fourth edition.J.S.Mill observes in his chapter upon 'International Trade'that Torrens was the earliest expounder of the doctrine afterwards worked out by Ricardo and Mill himself.For Ricardo's opinion of Torrens,see Letters to Trower ,p.39.

64.Production of Wealth (Preface).

65.Production of Wealth (Preface).

66.Political Economy (1825)p.21.

67.External Corn-Trade ,pp.xviii,109,139;Production of Wealth p.375.

68.Originally in the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana ,1836.

69.Senior's Political Economy (1850),p.26.

70.Ibid.(1825)pp.55,129,131.

71.Senior's Political Economy (1850),p.125.

72.Ibid.p.135,M'Culloch admits the possibility that a man may judge his own interests wrongly,but thinks that his will not happen in one case out of twenty (Ibid.p.15).

73.See Torrens's Production of Wealth ,p.208;and M'Culloch's Political Economy (1843),p.294,where he admits more exceptions.

74.External Corn-Trade ,p.87,etc.

75.Political Economy (second edition),pp.21,22.

76.Ibid.p.67.

77.Political Economy (1925),p.329.

78.Production of Wealth ,p.34,etc.

79.Political Economy (1825),p.318.

80.Mill's Political Economy (second edition),p.102;M'Culloch's Political Economy (1825),pp.289-291.

81.M'Culloch's Political Economy ,p.290.

82.Preface to External Corn-trade .

83.Ibid.p.95.

84.Political Economy (1825),pp.313-18.This argument disappears in later editions.

85.Ibid.p.217.

86.Political Economy ,p.221.De Quincey makes a great point of this doctrine,of which it is not worth while to examine the meaning.

87.Political Economy ,p.221n.

88.Ibid.p.336.

89.Ibid.p.337.

90.'Essay upon the circumstances which determine the Rate of Wages.'(1826),p.113.This was written for Constable's Miscellany ,and is mainly repetition from the Political Economy .It was republished,with alterations,in 1851.

91.Political Economy ,pp.359-61.

92.Ibid.(1843),p.178.And see his remarks on the unfavourable side of the Factory System,p.186seq.

93.'Wherever two persons have the means of subsisting,'as he quaintly observes,'a marriage invariably takes place.'(Political Economy ,p.154).

94.Political Economy ,p.206.

95.Political Economy ,p.344.

96.Ibid.pp.349-52.

97.See pamphlet on the rate of wages,pp.178-204.

98.Tooke's Thoughts and Details on the High and Low Prices of the last Thirty Years appeared in 1823(second edition 1824).This was rewritten and embodied in the History of Prices ,the first two volumes of which appeared in 1838.Four later volumes appeared in 1839,1848,and 1857.

99.The popular view is given by Southey.The Radicals,he says in 1923,desire war because they expect it to lead to revolution.'In this they are greatly deceived,for it would restore agricultural prosperity,and give a new spur to our manufactures.'(Selection from Southey's Letters ,iii,382.See also Life and Correspondence ,iv,228,286).