List 7

abnormal [æb'nɔːməl]

a. 反常的，异常的

【例】abnormal behavior 反常的行为

abundance [ə'bʌndəns]

n. 大量，丰富，充足

【例】an abundance of 大量的：Globalization has brought profound consequences: the opening of markets, true global competition, and an abundance of accessible capital. (2005.12)全球化带来了意义深远的成果：市场的开放、真正的全球竞争和大量可用资本。

【考】in abundance 充足，丰富

【派】abundant (a. 丰富的，充裕的)

accustomed [ə'kʌstəmd]

a. 惯常的，习惯的

【例】be/get accustomed to (doing) sth. 习惯于(做)某事：We were accustomed to living together. 我们已经习惯了生活在一起。

adhere [əd'hiə]

vi. 遵守；坚持；黏附，附着；追随，支持

【例】adhere to 黏附；遵守；坚持：The translator has obviously adhered very strictly to the original text. 很明显译者非常严格地遵从原著内容。

【派】adhesion (n. 坚持；忠于)；adherence (n. 黏着；坚持)

affection [ə'fekʃən]

n. 喜爱，感情，爱慕之情

【例】affection for 对…的感情：Clarence feels great affection for his parents. 克拉伦斯对父母有着很深的感情。

【考】show one's affection for显出对…的感情

【派】affectionate (a. 爱的；挚爱的)

appreciation [ə'priːʃieiʃən]

n. 感激；懂得；评价；鉴别

【例】Let me show my deepest appreciation to all of you. 请允许我向你们所有人表达我最诚挚的感激。

arouse [ə'rauz]

vt. 引起，激起，唤起；唤醒

【例】The odd sight aroused our curiosity. 奇怪的景象激起了我们的好奇心。

【派】arousal (n. 觉醒；激励)

【辨】arise, arouse

arise为不及物动词，过去式是arose, 过去分词是arisen, 指出乎意料地出现某种情况；arouse可作及物动词，过去式和过去分词都是aroused, 常和抽象名词连用，如激起兴趣、怀疑、伤感等。

artificial [ˌɑːti'fiʃəl]

a. 人工的，人造的；假的，矫揉造作的，模拟的

【例】artificial intelligence 人工智能//artificial manners 举止做作

【派】artificially (ad. 人工地；人为地)；artificiality (n. 人工；人造物；不自然；不自然之物)

【辨】aritificial, false, unnatural, unreal

artificial适用范围很广，强调模仿天然物品人工制作的，如artificial flowers；false多指因价格昂贵或缺乏原料而做的替代品，如false teeth, 它还可指“虚假的”，和真实相对，如a false friend; unnatural和unreal由于词根容易造成误解，其实，它们都没有“人工的，人造的”之意。unnatural 意为“不自然的；勉强的”；unreal 意为“不真实的，虚幻的”。

assess [ə'ses]

vt. 对…进行估价，确定…的数额；评价，评论；评估

【例】The scientists assessed the amount of damage caused by flood. 科学家们估计出了洪水造成的损失总额。// Examinations are not the only means of assessing a student's ability. 考试不是评价学生能力的唯一方法。// Each group consisted of around 120 adults of similar age and education and the test assessed their language skills. (2010.6)每组包括大约120个年龄相仿、受教育程度相当的成年人，该测试评估他们的语言能力。

【派】assessment (n. 估价；确定，评定；核定的付款额)；assessor (n. 评估者，评价者)

assumption [ə'sʌmpʃən]

n. 假定，臆断；担任，承担

【例】on the assumption that 假设…：Nowadays many rural people flock to the city to look for jobs on the assumption that the streets there are paved with gold. (2005.6)现今大批农村居民涌进城市找工作，想当然地认为城里的街道都是用金子铺的。

【考】make an assumption 作假设

attain [ə'tein]

vt. 达到；获得；完成

【例】All too often, it is the lack of action that ultimately holds people back from attaining their ideals. (2007.6) 缺少行动往往正是阻碍人们实现理想的根本原因。

【派】attainment (n. 达到；完成；成就)

bacteria [bæk'tiəriə]

n. 细菌

【用】单数形式为bacterium。

【派】bacterial (a. 细菌的；由细菌引起的)

barrier ['bæriə]

n. 障碍，隔阂；栅栏，关卡，检票口；屏障

【例】the language barrier 语言障碍//trade barriers 贸易障碍

bias ['baiəs]

n. 偏见，偏心，偏袒

vt. 使有偏见

【例】show no bias in/towards 对…没有偏见：Brian shows no bias towards his competitors. 布赖恩对他的竞争者没有偏见。

burden ['bəːdən]

n. 重担，精神负担；重负，负荷

vt. 负担，负重，装载；加重压于，烦扰

【例】burden sb. with sth. 给某人负担某物：I don't want to burden Sean with my problems. 我不想拿自己的问题麻烦肖恩。

As Erin White watched the election results head towards victory for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders. (2010.6)当埃林·怀特看到选举结果直指巴拉克·奥巴马获胜时，她觉得如释重负。// economic burden 经济负担

【考】bear the burden of doing sth. 担负做某事的重任

【派】burdensome (a. 繁重的；烦累的)

casualty ['kæʒjuəlti]

n. 伤亡人员，死伤者；受害人；损失的东西

【例】The exact casualty figures are not yet available. (2009.6) 还没获得确切的伤亡人数。

【派】casual (a. 偶然的)

cautious ['kɔːʃəs]

a. 十分小心的，谨慎的

【例】be cautious about 谨慎于…：The doctors are cautious about using pills on humans. 医生在用药上很谨慎。

【派】overcautious (a. 过于谨慎的)

commitment [kə'mitmənt]

n. 承诺，许诺；承担的义务；信奉；献身

【例】commitment to sth./to do sth. 承诺(做)某事：He assured his friend that under no circumstances would he breach his commitment to pay back the money. (2010.6)他向他的朋友保证任何情况下都不会违背还钱的承诺。

【考】fulfill one's commitment履行某人的诺言

compensate ['kɔmpenseit]

v. 补偿，弥补；抵消

【例】compensate for 赔偿；抵消：Victims of the explosion will be compensated for. 爆炸事件的受害者将会得到赔偿。

【派】compensatory (a. 补偿性的)

confidential [ˌkɔnfi'denʃəl]

a. 秘密的，机密的；表示信任(或亲密)的；担任机密工作的

【例】confidential information 机密消息

【派】confidentiality (n. 机密)

confusion [kən'fjuːʒən]

n. 困惑，糊涂；混淆；混乱，骚乱

【例】be in complete confusion 乱七八糟：The party was in complete confusion after its election defeat. 这个党派在选举失败后陷入一片混乱。

【考】throw...into confusion 使…陷于混乱

conservative [kən'səːvətiv]

a. 保守的，守旧的；(式样等)不时新的，传统的

n. 保守的人

【例】conservative attitude 保守态度//an obstinate conservative 顽固的保守主义者

convert [kən'vəːt]

v. (使)转变，(使)转化；(使)改变信仰(或态度等)

【例】convert sth. into sth. 改变某物的形式或用途；把某物改造成某物：Could we convert the small bedroom into a second bathroom?我们能把这个小卧室改造成另一间浴室吗？

【考】make a convert of sb. 使某人改变信仰(主张)

【派】conversion (n. 转化；换算)；convertible (a. 可转换的；自由兑换的)

criticize ['kritisaiz]

vt. 批评，批判；评论，评价

【例】The government is being widely criticized in the press for failing to limit air pollution. 政府因没有很好地控制空气污染问题遭到了媒体的广泛批评。

deceive [di'siːv]

vt. 欺骗，蒙蔽

【例】deceive sb. into doing sth. 骗某人去做某事：The sportsman tried to deceive the coach into thinking he was injured. 那个运动员试图欺骗教练他受了伤。

【考】deceive oneself 自欺欺人

【派】deceptive (a. 欺骗性的)；deceptively (ad. 迷惑地；虚伪地)

defect ['diːfekt] [di'fekt]

n. 缺点，缺陷，毛病

vi. 变节，叛变

【例】a physical defect 生理缺陷

defect (from...) to... (由…)叛变为…：Roger defected to the enemy. 罗杰投敌叛变了。

【派】defective (a. 有缺点的；不完全的)

degrade [di'greid]

vt. 使降解；使退化；降低…的身份，有辱…的人格

【例】degrade oneself by cheating 因欺骗而降低自己的身份：How can you degrade yourself by cheating?你怎么能因欺骗而降低自己的身份呢？

【派】degradation (n. 退化)；degradability (n. 降解性)

delicate ['delikət]

a. 微妙的；棘手的；精美的，雅致的；易碎的，脆弱的；娇弱的，纤细的

【例】a delicate child 娇弱的孩子//delicate instruments 精密仪器

【派】delicately (ad. 优美地；微妙地)

disable [dis'eibl]

vt. 使丧失能力，使伤残

a. 伤残的

【派】disability (n. 无能；残疾)

distort [di'stɔːt]

vt. 歪曲，曲解；扭曲，使变形

vi. 变形

【例】The TV show gave a distorted pictrue of the actor's childhood. 电视节目歪曲了那个演员的童年。// The mayor's account was distorted by the press. 市长的叙述被媒体扭曲了。

【派】distorted (a. 变形的)；distortion (n. 歪曲；变形)

distract [di'strækt]

vt. 转移(注意力)，使分心

【例】Joanna tried to distract attention from the screen. 乔安娜试图把注意力从屏幕上转移开。// Don't distract Ted while he is driving!不要在泰德开车的时候打扰他！

【考】distract sb. from... 把某人的注意力从…转移开

【派】distracted (a. 心烦意乱的)；distraction (n. 分心；娱乐)

distress [di'stres]

n. 痛苦，忧虑；贫困，困苦；危难，不幸

vt. 使痛苦，使悲伤

【例】be distressed about sth. 对某事忧虑；为某事悲伤//Lucy was distressed by her heavy work. 露西为她繁重的工作而忧虑。

A study shows that many children suffer emotional distress when their parents divorce. 一份调查表明很多孩子在父母离婚时都会承受情绪上的痛苦。

【考】a company in financial distress财务陷入拮据状况的公司

【派】distressed (a. 悲伤的；忧虑的)；distressing (a. 使人痛苦的；令人苦恼的)

domestic [də'mestik]

a. 本国的，国内的；家(庭)的；驯养的

【例】gross domestic product (GDP)国内生产总值

【派】domestically (ad. 国内地)

drastic ['dræstik]

a. 极端的；严厉的；激烈的

【例】If we continue to ignore the issue of global warming, we will almost certainly suffer the drastic effects of climatic changes worldwide. (2006.6)如果我们继续对全球变暖视而不见，那么我们必然会被全球气候变化所带来的极端影响所害。

【考】a drastic change重大改变；a drastic punishment 严惩

【派】drastically (ad. 激烈地，彻底地；猛烈地)

elementary [ˌeli'mentəri]

a. 基本的；初级的，基础的

【例】The highest-scoring students always had well-educated parents or came from homes containing elementary facilities like the desks. (2006.6)得分最高的学生通常都有受过良好教育的父母或者来自有像书桌这样基本设施的家庭。

【派】elementarily (ad. 基础地)

embarrass [im'bærəs]

vt. 使困窘，使尴尬，使不好意思

【例】I hope my little dance didn't embarrass you. 我希望我跳的这一小段舞没有让你难堪。

【派】embarrassed (a. 窘迫的)；embarrassing (a. 使人窘迫的)；embarrassment (n. 困窘；焦急，局促不安)

emergency [i'məːdʒənsi]

n. 紧急情况，突然事件

【例】in times of emergency 紧急时刻：The new workers need to know what to do in times of emergency. 新工人需要知道紧急时刻应如何应对。

【考】an emergency exit 紧急出口；emergency room 急诊室

encounter [in'kauntə]

n. / vt. 遇到，遭遇，遭到

【例】The film tells the extraordinary encounter between a girl and a dolphin. 这部影片讲述了女孩和海豚间一次不同寻常的相遇。

But when stress is encountered continually, the body's reactions are more likely to be harmful than helpful to us. (2008.12) 但是当面对持续的压力时，身体的反应给我们带来的坏处可能就会多于好处了。

【考】encounter with sb./sth. 遇见某人/某物；encounter many difficulties 遇到许多困难

exception [ik'sepʃən]

n. 例外

【例】with the exception of 除…外//America, despite the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, is the exception. (2015.6) 美国尽管实施了平价医疗法案，但却是个例外。

without exception 毫无例外地：All students without exception must take the math examination. 所有的学生毫无例外都要参加数学考试。

【考】make an exception 破例

【派】exceptional (a. 例外的；罕见的；杰出的)

exclude [ik'skluːd]

vt. 把…排斥在外，不包括

【例】exclude sb./sth. from 将某人/某物排除在外；阻止某人/某物进入，阻止某人/某物做某事：Peter was excluded from military service due to his poor eyesight. 因为视力不好，彼得不能服兵役。

【派】exclusive (a. 独有的 n.独家报道)；exclusion (n. 排斥；被排除的事物)；excluding(prep. 不包括)；exclusionary (a. 排斥的)

exotic [ig'zɔtik]

a. 外(国)来的；异国情调的；奇异的

【例】exotic clothes 奇装异服

【派】exotically (ad. 奇异地；异国情调地)

extravagant [ik'strævəgənt]

a. 奢侈的，铺张的；过度的，过分的，(言行等)放肆的

【例】an extravagant lifestyle 奢侈的生活方式

【派】extravagance (n. 奢侈，铺张)

fake [feik]

n. 假货，赝品；骗子，冒充者

a. 假的，伪造的

vt. 伪造，捏造；伪装，假装

【例】Fake listening may be easily exposed, since many speakers are sensitive to facial cues and can tell if you're merely pretending to listen. (2007.12)假装听讲很容易暴露，因为许多说话人对面部信号非常敏感，可以辨别出你是否只是在假装听讲。

fascinate ['fæsineit]

vt. 强烈地吸引，迷住

【例】be fascinated by... 被…迷住：The boy was deeply fascinated by the computer. 男孩被计算机深深地吸引住了。

【考】be fascinated into doing sth. 使神魂颠倒而做某事

【派】fascination (n. 迷恋；魅力)；fascinating (a. 吸引人的)

furthermore ['fəːðəmɔː]

ad. 而且，此外

【例】The house is too small, and furthermore, it's too far from the school. 这房子太小，而且离学校也太远了。

【用】表示“此外”的词还有moreover, in addition, also, likewise, besides等。

gloomy ['gluːmi]

a. 忧郁的，沮丧的；令人沮丧的，令人失望的；昏暗的，阴沉的

【例】a gloomy girl 忧郁的女孩//a gloomy mood 悲观情绪

hamper ['hæmpə]

vt. 妨碍；束缚；限制

n. (有盖的)大篮子

【例】The bad weather hampered the rescue work. 坏天气妨碍了救援工作。

harmony ['hɑːməni]

n. 和谐，融洽，一致，协调，调和

【例】in harmony with 与…协调；与…融洽：The whole family lives in harmony with each other. 一家人相处融洽。

【派】harmonious (a. 和睦的；协调的)

immerse [i'məːs]

v. (使)浸没；(使)沉浸在，(使)专心于

【例】immerse in (使)沉浸在，专心于：The student was completely immersed in reading. 这个学生完全沉浸在阅读之中。

【派】immersed (a. 浸入的；沉思的)；immersion (n. 沉浸)

impair [im'peə]

vt. 损害，损伤；削弱

【例】It's well known that obesity impairs sleep, so perhaps people get fat first and sleep less afterwards. (2008.12)众所周知，肥胖损害睡眠，所以人们也许是先变胖，之后才睡眠不足的。

implication [ˌimpli'keiʃən]

n. 含意，暗示，暗指；卷入，牵连

【例】implications of the statement 声明的含意

【考】by implication 含蓄地，暗示性地

inadequate [in'ædikwət]

a. 不充分的

【例】inadequate for 对于…来说不充分：The parking facilities are inadequate for a big community like this. 这些停车设施对于这么大的一个社区来说是不够的。

infant ['infənt]

n. 婴儿，幼儿

a. 婴儿的；幼稚的；初期的

inferior [in'fiəriə]

a. 劣等的，次的，下等的；下级的

n. 下级，下属

【例】inferior to sth./sb. 比某物/某人差，不如某物/某人：These products are inferior to those we bought last year. 这些产品的质量比我们去年买的那些差。

【用】反义词是superior, 搭配是superior to sth./sb.，意为“比某物/某人好”。

【派】inferiority (n. 下等)

inhabit [in'hæbit]

vt. 居住于；(动物)栖居于

【例】Some tribes still inhabit the remote jungles of the country. 一些部落仍然居住在这个国家的偏远丛林中。

【派】inhabitant (n. 居民，居住者；栖息的动物)；uninhabitable (a. 不适于居住的)

【辨】inhabit, reside

inhabit意为“居住于；栖息于”，是及物动词，如The island is mainly inhabited by sheep.; reside意为“居住，定居”，是不及物动词，强调永久、固定、合法地生活在某处，如The writer spent most of his time in Paris, where his family resided.

inhabitant [in'hæbitənt]

n. 居民，住户

initial [i'niʃəl]

a. 开始的，最初的

n. [常pl.] (姓名等的)首字母

【例】initial impression 第一印象

inspiration [ˌinspə'reiʃən]

n. 灵感；鼓舞人心的人(或事物)

【例】find/draw inspiration from 从…获得灵感：The poet draws inspiration from ordinary scenes that he knows and loves. 诗人从他熟悉和热爱的日常场景中获得灵感。

Bob has been an inspiration to other young athletes from a similar background. 鲍勃鼓舞着和他有类似背景的年轻运动员。

【考】a flash of inspiration 灵机一动

【派】inspirational (a. 有灵感的；给予灵感的)；inspire (vt. 鼓舞；给…以灵感)

instantaneous [ˌinstən'teinjəs]

a. 瞬间的，即刻的

【例】an instantaneous reaction 即时的反应

【派】instant (a. 立即的，即刻的)

instrument ['instrumənt]

n. 仪器，器械，工具；乐器

【派】instrumental (a. 有帮助的；乐器的)；instrumentalist(n. 器乐演奏者，器乐家)

insurance [in'ʃuərəns]

n. 保险；保险费

【例】social insurance 社会保险

【考】have the insurance on sth. 给某物投保

internal [in'təːnəl]

a. 内的，内部的；国内的，内政的；内心的

【例】Internal Revenue Service (IRS)国税局//internal affairs 内政

intuition [ˌintjuː'iʃən]

n. 直觉

【例】Intuition told Rose that her boyfriend had told the truth. 露丝凭直觉知道男友说的是真话。

【派】intuitive (a. 直觉的);intuit (v. 由直觉知道)

【辨】intuition, perception

intuition意为“直觉”，是指不用推理就知道事物将如何发展，如feminine intuition; perception意为“感知，理解”，多用在正式场合，强调通过感官逐渐形成认识的过程，如children's perceptions of the world。