子项目三 商务观光 Module III Business Sightseeing

1.口译技巧 Interpreting Skills

Directions: Do the following exercises and learn the interpreting strategy of active listening.

口译练习

(1) How to analyze the basic structure of a sentence?

(2) Listen to a passage and answer the following questions.

1 Which discourse category does this passage fall into?

2 When did the author arrive in London?

3 What did the author do on his way to the hotel?

4 Why couldn't the author get something to eat in the restaurant? How did he solve the problem?

5 What did the author do after dinner?

积极听入(一):话语分析 Active Listening I: Discourse Analysis

接收与解码是口译过程的先导,它要求译员具备很强的积极听入的能力。译员如果听不懂或不能完整地听懂源语的意义,口译便无从谈起,因此,其重要性不言而喻。“积极听入”所涉及的两大技巧为“话语分析”(Discourse Analysis)与“积极预测”(Active Prediction)。本章我们先学习话语分析的技巧。

一、分析句子主干结构(Analyzing Sentence Structure)

(1) SVO结构分析法

分析句子主干可以依据“主语+谓语动词+宾语”的基本结构(SVO结构)。译员若能快速地听辨出句子中这三大核心成分,就能把握句子的主要信息。例如:The smart and hardworking Chinese people invented the technique of making and using soy sauce, vinegar, and spices some 3,000 years ago.在这句话中,Chinese people是主语,invented是谓语,technique是宾语。这样标准的SVO结构,非常有利于译员遵循句子中的词语顺序去进行听辨。

(2)“经历者+事件”分析法

然而,并不是所有的句子都是以标准的“主、谓、宾”顺序出现的,如有些被动句、倒装句、省略句等。因此,译员不能总是只按照所听词语的顺序听辨句子并理解意义。在很多情况下,译员必须“由表及里”地概括句子的主干结构,用“经历者+事件”这样的方式分析句子的意义。例如:It gives me a great pleasure to be here to express my sincere thanks and heartfelt gratitude to all of my business partners here.此句中的“经历者”是me,经历的事情是a pleasure to express thanks。很多情景都能借助这一模式进行听辨和记忆。

(3)“已知信息+未知信息”分析法

就信息框架而言,发言者的讲话可被看成包括已知的背景信息和新增的未知信息两部分。背景信息指发言者之前已表达过,或者听众已知的信息,而新增信息是指对已知信息相关内容的进一步阐述。例如:在谈到“某公司在市场营销方面做了哪些工作”时,“某公司”是已知信息,“市场营销方面的工作”是新信息。因而整句话的主干便可按照这两部分进行听辨。

(4)借助其他手段分析

译员还可以通过其他手段,如借助讲话者的语气、语流、音调、停顿等来推断句子结构。

二、听辨话语逻辑线索(Identifying Logic Clues)

汉语和英语在句子结构上存在着明显的不同。汉语造句少用甚至不用任何形式的连接手段,而是依靠分句间隐含的逻辑事理关系来安排语序。但汉英两种语言都包含以下常见的逻辑关系,即并列、承接、解说、递进、选择、转折、因果、假设、条件、目的等。由于英语和汉语连接句子、构建意群的方式不同,所以听辨汉英两种话语的逻辑关系也各有侧重。英语的难点在于听辨连接词和代词的关系,而汉语的难点是要依靠上下文判断讲话人的真实意图。

三、分析话语类型(Analyzing Discourse Category)

口译中的话语主要有以下六种类型:

1叙述言语体(Narrative Speech),如商务访谈中的叙述等。

2论证言语体(Argumentative Speech),如谈判中的话语等。

3介绍言语体(Expositive Speech),如产品介绍或参观游览介绍等。

4礼仪性演说体(Ceremonial Speech),如欢迎词、祝酒词等。

5 鼓动演说体(Evocative Speech),如市场营销话语等。

6 对话言语体(Interlocutory Speech),如会议会谈中的对话等。

口译学习应强化听力训练,同时扩充背景知识,带着问题听,且重点听信息的中心思想或要点。在训练中应进行捕捉要点的训练,就是指抓住讲话的实质内容,而不是单个词语。口译时不可能做到词语之间的完全对等,而初学者往往把注意力集中于个别词语而忽略了它们所表达的信息。口译学习的前期任务是边听边分析理解信息,并在不记笔记的情况下表达所理解和所记忆的内容。初学者可以选择一些内容较长、难度较大的篇章,听后说出时间、地点、主要事件、前后逻辑关系等内容,然后逐段分析并增补细节信息。

2.词汇准备 Vocabular y Preparation

Directions: Read the following phrases. Keep them in mind and get ready for the field interpreting.Then try to find more to enrich your language bank.

Phrases

1. appreciate the charms of natural landscape领略自然景观的魅力

2. autumn outing/fall excursion 秋游

3. famous mountains and great rivers 名川大山

4. five-star hotel 五星级饭店

5. have a bird's eye view of 鸟瞰

6. have a fine view of 博览美景

7. holiday resort 度假胜地

8. make a quick tour 走马观花地游览

9. national level scenic area 国家级风景名胜区

10. package tour 包价旅游;跟团旅游

11. pavilions, terraces, and towers 亭台楼阁

12. scenic spots and historic sites/places of scenic beauty and historical interests名胜古迹

13. south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River 江南水乡

14. spring outing 春游

15. the town of cultural and historical relics 历史文化名城

16. theme park 主题公园

17. tourist attraction 旅游景点

18. travel agency/service 旅行社

3.热身练习 Warm-up Exercises

Directions: Read the sentences in Part 1 and translate them into English. Then listen to the sentences in Part 2 and interpret them into Chinese. You can take notes in the space provided while interpreting.

口译练习

Part 1 C-E Translation

(1)站在楼顶,你可以鸟瞰整座城市的风景。

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(2)在进入景区游览之前,有几个注意事项要提醒一下大家。

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(3)请妥善保管好个人的贵重物品。

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(4)请听从我们导游的安排,遵守时间,以便顺利完成整个行程。

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(5)非常高兴能在整个旅程中陪伴各位。如果大家现在或在旅行中有什么问题请随时向我提出来。

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Part 2 E-C Interpretation

4.口译实战 Field Interpretation

Task 1 A Glimpse of Zhejiang Province

Directions: Sight interpret the following passage and evaluate the interpreter's performance within your group.


Zhejiang is located in the southern part of the Yangtze River Delta on the southeast coast of China. It is said that Zhejiang has 70%hills, 10%water, and 20%plains.

It has a long history and brilliant culture, with charming natural scenery, places of historical and cultural interests, and many other tourist attractions. It has been named“the land of fish and rice and the place of silk and tea.”True to its name, Zhejiang's rice production enjoys national recognition and it has the largest fishery in the country, namely Zhoushan fishery. Longjing tea, also called dragon well tea, is one of the most prestigious Chinese tea. Hangzhou, the capital city of Zhejiang, is also renowned for its silk umbrellas and hand fans. Zhejiang cuisine is one of the eight greatest traditions of Chinese cuisine.

Zhejiang has a rich variety of operas. Local operas such as the Yue, Kun, Shao, and Wu Opera are thriving. Among them, the Yue Opera has ascended to a distinct position and become one of the major forms of Chinese opera.

The West Lake in Hangzhou is not only famous for its picturesque landscape, but for many scholars and national heroes in the long course of history. Hengdian town of Jinhua, a city in southern part of Zhejiang, is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China, therefore it is called“China's Hollywood.”

Task 2 At a Department Store

Directions: Listen to the recording of Task 2. Take some notes in the space provided when necessary and interpret during the pauses with the aid of your notes.

口译练习

5.拓展练习 Supplementar y Practices

Part 1 Sentence Consolidation

Directions: Listen to the recording and interpret the sentences into Chinese or English during the pauses. You can take notes in the space provided while interpreting.

口译练习

Part 2 Skill Enhancement

Task 1 School Visiting

Directions: Listen to the recording and interpret it into English with the aid of your notes. Then evaluate the interpreter's performance within your group.

口译练习

Scenario Description: A four-people delegation from Canada Royal Road University is visiting Jinhua Polytechnic. Ms. Chen, on behalf of the school, is receiving them at the school gate. She is about to guide them around the campus, introducing the buildings, facilities, as well as the campus sceneries.

Task 2 Company Visiting

Directions: Listen to the recording and interpret it into Chinese with the aid of your notes. Then evaluate the interpreter's performance within your group.

口译练习

6.知识拓展 Knowledge Development

Directions: Do the following exercises and learn the cross-cultural knowledge in interpreting and try to build up your intercultural awareness and communication ability.


(1) Could you illustrate the differences in daily expressions for communication between Chinese and English?

(2) What are the factors leading to the cultural differences between China and the West?

(3) Could you find more examples to reveal the cultural differences in colors, numbers, and animals between China and the West?

口译中的跨文化意识 Cross-cultural Awareness in Interpreting

语言是文化的主要组成部分与表现形式。翻译工作者作为跨文化交际的桥梁,在信息传递的过程中起着沟通的作用。很多口译工作中的交流失败或受阻,并不是因为译员遇到了语言方面的障碍,而是因为译员只注意语言形式的对等,而忽略了传达语言所承载的文化内涵。以下就是一些常见的交际用语差异。

一、交际用语差异举例

1 中国人见面打招呼常说:“干什么去?”或“到哪儿去?”这只是一种表达关心的问候方式。如果直译,就很难让英美国家的人理解和接受。可译为“How are you? ”或“What's up? ”之类的问候语。

2 面对夸奖时,中国人为了表示谦虚会说:“不行不行,还差得远呢。”译员将这种自谦简单地转译为“Thank you.”就可以了。

3 当外方表示感谢时,中方经常回答:“这是我们应该做的。”如果直译会让对方误解为“你是因为工作原因而非真正愿意为我们做这些事情”,因此译为“With pleasure.”比较恰当。

4“今天走了不少路,您这么大年纪,一定很累了。早点儿休息吧。”这句话是想表达一种关心和体贴,但如果译员直译出对方年纪大会得罪人。因此,翻译时应该有意地去除这部分信息。

5 当中方人员在机场迎接外宾时会说:“欢迎欢迎,一路辛苦了。”这句话直译为“Welcome. You must be tired all the way.”是不合适的。按照英美国家人的思维和表达习惯,它可以转述为“You've had a long trip.”或“Did you have a long flight? ”

6“区区薄礼,不成敬意。”这句话是为了表示礼貌的客套话,事实上礼品不一定是“薄礼”。如果直译会让英美国家的人感到很不解,甚至觉得说话者是在炫耀。可以按照他们的思维习惯转述为“This is a gift for you. Hope you like it.”

7 面对一桌丰盛的菜肴,主人会说:“几个小菜,随便吃点。菜不好,请多包涵。”如果直译会让外宾无法理解。可以根据场合处理为“Enjoy yourself.”或“Hope you have enjoyed yourself.”

二、导致文化差异的因素

(1)生活环境的差异

英国是一个岛国,航海业一度领先世界,因此有许多跟船和海有关的习语;而中国的自然地理环境相对封闭,传统农耕文化发达,因此有不少跟土地、农业有关的短语。例如,“挥金如土”可译成“spend money like water”。

(2)思维模式的差异

西方人是线性的演绎式思维模式,运用语言讲究准确,重点突出;而中国人是螺旋形的推理式思维模式,用语模糊,常常话中有话,真实意图常常藏在话语之外,且重点常放在话语最后阐述。例如,在英文的商务陈述中,说话者往往开门见山地率先说明目的、要点及提纲,然后才慢慢具体展开陈述。

(3)宗教信仰的差异

西方人多信奉基督教,认为上帝创造了一切;而中国人信奉佛教、道教和儒家思想。因此,各自的语言上都存在大量的宗教词汇。例如,成语“谋事在人,成事在天”中的“天”反映了中国人信奉道教和儒教中的“天地阴阳”“天人一体”的思想。口译中为了交流的方便,可以采用归化法将它转译为“God”。

三、文化差异的体现

(1)颜色的文化差异

不同文化对颜色的感觉和理解是不同的,甚至是截然相反的。例如,在中国代表着喜庆、吉祥的“红色”,在西方却有着相当负面的文化内涵,象征着愤怒、残暴、流血。“白色”在中国文化中有不吉祥的文化含义,而西方人则视其为纯洁与美好的象征。

(2)数字的文化差异

众所周知,中西方两种文化都有不同的吉利和忌讳的数字。大家比较熟悉的有数字“13”和“4”等。其他的比如“7”,它在欧美国家有十分积极的意义,相当于中国人对数字“8”的认同,根据《圣经》记载,世界是上帝在七天内创造的,每周有七天,世间有七种美德等。

(3)动物的文化差异

中西方对各种动物的认识也存在着很多文化差异。比如西方人对蝙蝠无好感,而汉语却因其发音与“福”相同而有了健康、幸福的联想。

四、口译中应对文化差异的策略

提高对文化差异的敏感性,努力减少乃至消除跨文化交际中的失误,是口译工作者应引起高度重视的问题。译员应注意以下几点:

1 根据文化概念,选择对应的表达方式,可采用意译、直译加意译、直译加解释性翻译等方法。

2 充分理解上下文,在具体语境中,从整体上把握原文的含义,切忌生硬地字对字翻译。

3 根据听众的需要,从听众的文化背景、层次以及理解能力等出发进行翻译。