常考语法

经过我们对全国各高校英语专业研究生入学考试语法项目测试内容的分析后发现，语法部分的测试内容主要包括如下语法知识点：非谓语动词、从句、比较级、固定搭配、虚拟语气、平行结构、时态与语态、倒装、情态动词、主谓一致、代词、强调和省略、修饰、含糊、累赘、笨拙等。通常情况下，语法试题多以比较复杂的句子结构考查比较简单的语法知识点。所以，考生应该对语法基本知识点的掌握达到“炉火纯青”的地步，面对复杂的句子结构保持清醒的头脑，切记运用你的“语法意识”去应对看上去相当复杂其实测试的语法内容相当简单的试题。

第一节 非谓语动词

i.考点分析

1.谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择

谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词是语法测试中的一个题眼。此类题的解题技巧主要是熟记哪些动词后边只能接动词不定式，哪些动词后边只能接动名词。

1）通常要求不定式作宾语的常见动词和词组有：to afford to do sth.

afford/agree/aim/arrange/ask/attempt/beg/care/choose/claim/decide/demand/desire/determine/endeavor/expect/fail/help/hope/intend/learn/long/manage/mean/offer/plan/prepare/pretend/promise/refuse/resolve/seem/strive/swear/tend/like/want/wish/would/threaten

2）通常要求动名词作宾语的常见动词和词组有：to acknowledge doing sth.

acknowledge/admit/advise/anticipate/appreciate/avoid/can’t help/complete/consider/delay/deny/detest/dread/endure/enjoy/envy/escape/excuse/fancy/favor/feel like/finish/give up/imagine/keep/keep on/leave off/mention/mind/miss/pardon/postpone/practice/put off/quit/recall/recommend/require/report/resent/resist/resume/risk/suggest/spend/tolerate/understand/regret

2.分清“to+名词/动名词”与“不定式”，容易产生介词“to”与不定式符号混淆的常考的固定搭配主要有：

to prefer doing something to doing something

to look forward to doing something

to be used to doing something

to stick to doing something

to object to doing something

to have objection to doing something

to be opposed to doing something

to admit/confess to doing something

3.非谓语动词的时态和语态

1）非谓语动词的时态

非谓语动词的时态有四种，即一般时、进行时、完成时和完成进行时：to do,to be doing,to have done和to have been doing。

2）非谓语动词语态

非谓语动词的语态分为主动语态和被动语态：to be done,to be being done,to be having done和to be having been done。

4.作各种成分的非谓语动词

1）作定语的非谓语动词有以下几种形式

动名词、现在分词、过去分词和动词不定式，动名词作定语很少考。选择现在分词还是过去分词作定语，要看非谓语动词与所修饰的词之间的关系。如果是主谓关系，用现在分词；如是动宾关系，用过去分词。如表示将来，用动词不定式。现在分词与动名词作定语的区别在于：现在分词与被其修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说，被修饰的名词通常为现在分词的逻辑主语，现在分词用来说明被修饰名词的动作。如a waiting maid意为：a maid who is waiting；动名词作定语时，与被修饰名词之间没有这种关系，动名词只是用来说明被修饰名词的用途或性质。如：a waiting room意为a room for waiting。

2）作状语

作状语的可以是不定式，也可以是分词。用现在分词还是用过去分词，要看分词与句中主语的关系（或与其逻辑主语的关系），如果是主谓关系用现在分词，如果是动宾关系则用过去分词。如表示将来用动词不定式。

3）作表语

测试中对表语的考查主要侧重在现在分词与过去分词的区别上，所以对于作表语的非谓语动词，主要看分词与句子主语之间的关系。作表语的分词一般只有doing和done两种形式。其中现在分词作表语往往表示主语的性质或特征，含有“令人……”的意思，多数情况下主语是物；而过去分词作表语往往表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到……”的意思，多数情况下主语是人。

例如：The book is very interesting.He is very interested in it.

可接表语的系动词很多，除be外还有remain,feel,look,appear,seem,get,become,go等等。

4）作宾语补足语

一般作宾补的非谓语动词的形式选择与作其他成分的非谓语动词形式的选择规则基本相同。选择现在分词还是过去分词作宾补取决于非谓语动词与宾语的关系。如果为主谓关系即用现在分词，如果为动宾关系则用过去分词。

常见的要求不定式作宾补的动词有：ask,order,persuade,advise,tell,want,call on,like等。而有些动词则要求用不带to的动词不定式作宾补。其中一类为感官动词，如：see,hear,watch,notice,feel等；另一类为使役动词，如：have,let,make等。

ii.真题举隅

1.____a fine day,we decided to go for apicnic.（北京航空航天大学2014年真题）

A.Having been

B.Being

C.What

D.It being

2.____for along time,the fields are all dried up.（北京航空航天大学2013年真题）

A.There has been no rain

B.Having no rain

C.There having been no rain

D.There being no rain

3.I regret____you that your application has been refused.（北京航空航天大学2012年真题）

A.informing

B.to inform

C.to be informed

D.being informed

4.No matter how often the works of Chaplin____,it always attracted large audiences.（中国海洋大学2013年真题）

A.being performed

B.to be perform

C.performing

D.performed

5.She was trying____by the teacher in class.（中山大学2012年真题）

A.avoiding questioning

B.avoiding to question

C.to avoid being questioned

D.to avoid questioning

6.____in afamed university abroad was what his parents wished for.（中山大学2012年真题）

A.The boy to be cultivated

B.The boy cultivated

C.The boy’s being cultivated

D.The boy was cultivated

7.In spite of his____appearance,his movements were as spirited as ayoung man’s.（中山大学2012年真题）

A.aging

B.aged

C.being aged

D.having aged

8.____no cause for alarm,the old man went back to his bedroom.（厦门大学2011年真题）

A.There was

B.Since

C.Being

D.There being

答案与解析：

1.本题考查分词独立主格结构作状语，分词的逻辑主语指天气，因此用it，故答案选D。

2.本题考查分词独立主格结构作原因状语，答案选C。

3.本题考查regret后接动词不定式与动名词的区别。regret+动名词意为：后悔做了……，regret+动词不定式意为：遗憾地去做……。根据句意，答案选B。

4.本题考查分词独立主格结构作状语。且分词的逻辑主语the works与分词所表示的动作perform是被动关系，故不选B、C。A表示动作正在发生，故答案选D。

5.本题考查try后接动词不定式与动名词的区别。try+动名词意为：尝试着做某事……，try+动词不定式意为：试图做某事，企图做某事。根据句意，答案在C、D中，而主语she与分词所表示的动作question为被动关系，故答案选C。

6.本题考查动名词复合结构作主语。the boy’s being cultivated in afamed university abroad在句子中作主语，故答案选C。

7.本题考查非谓语动词作定语。B选项aged意思是：年老的；A选项aging意思是：正在变老的。根据句意，答案选B。

8.本题考查分词独立主格结构作状语。There is no cause for+n.意思是：没有必要……A选项必须与后面的句子中间有连词。B选项since作连词时后面接从句。C选项，分词作状语时，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致，若选C，则表示being no cause for alarm的逻辑主语是the old man,语法讲不通。D选项因为没有连词，所以用独立主格结构。答案选D。

第二节从句

i.考点分析

从句的考查主要是对状语从句、定语从句和名词从句的考查。

（一）状语从句

状语从句的考查，主要是根据主从句的关系判断连词的使用。因此，在准备状语从句时，主要任务是弄清楚各种状语从句的连词。

1.时间状语从句

引导时间状语从句的连词主要有：when,whenever,while,as,once,by the time,before,after,since,till/until,as soon as,no sooner...than,hardly/scarcely...when

有关时间状语从句考生应注意以下要点：

1）when的特殊句式。考试中常常出现。即when意为at that time/then，译作：正在此时。这时when前常有逗号。考生应特别注意。例如：

One evening little Hans was sitting near the fire,when he heared aloud knock at the door.

2）注意含有时间状语从句的固定句型，例如：It won’t be long before...

It won’t be long before可以有3个变体，即：

It was(not)+一段时间+before...

It won’t be+一段时间+before...

It may be+一段时间+before...

例如：It will not be long____our supplies run out.

A.sinceB.beforeC.afterD.when

另外一个句型是：It has been/is...+一段时间+since...：自从……以来已经（多长时间了）。

Man had been speaking for many thousands of years before he learned to record the sounds of speech by marks that can be seen.

3）要注意no sooner...than,hardly/scarcely...when引导的时间状语从句的搭配和时态。它表示一个动作刚刚结束，另一个动作就开始了。主句一般用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。no sooner/hardly/scarcely放在句首，主句主谓要倒装。

4）除上述常用的连接副词外，有些名词也可以引出时间状语从句，且常常出现在考试中。如：the moment,the instant,the minute,each time,last time,next time等。

2.原因状语从句

引导原因状语从句的连词主要有：because,since,as,now that,considering（that），seeing（that），in that。其中in that，now that,since曾反复出现在考题中，考生应该引起注意。此外considering that和seeing that也应引起注意。另外考生也应该适当地注意because,since,as的区别：because重在强调原因，所以以why提问的句子必须用because回答。since表示已知的原因，所以常译为：既然。

Since you don’t trust him,you should not employ him.

既然你不信任他，你就不应该雇用他。

as表示很明显的原因，其语气最弱。

We had to walk all the way as we had no money for fares.

我们不得不一路步行，因为我们没有车费。

3.条件状语从句

常用的引导条件状语从句的连词主要有：if,unless,provided(that),on condition that，so/as long as，suppose/supposing，in case,once等。其中so/as long as时常出现在考题中。unless,in case,provided,suppose引导的从句考生也应该注意。

4.让步状语从句

引导让步状语从句的连词有：though,although,as,even though,even if,for all,while,no matter+疑问词（no matter how/when等）和疑问词+ever。(例如：however/whatever等）其中考生应该特别注for...all。另外还应该注意：as引导的让步状语从句要求用倒装结构，其后的名词、原形动词、副词、形容词等要提到句首。可数名词单数形式不用冠词。

Try as he will,he never seems able to succeed.

Much as Iadmire him as awriter，I don’t like him as aman.

Child that he was,he knew what was the right thing to do.

5.结果状语从句

引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that...,such...that,so that,so much so that。其中so much so that...结构用于形容词或副词之后，表示“到如此程度以至于……”,是考题中常出现的。

Many are concerned about the selling of users’private information without their consent，so much so that even the Congress has gotten involved.

6.目的状语从句：

常考的引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that,in order that,lest,in case,for fear that。其中in case,for fear that,lest引出的从句常用虚拟语气。

I am punishing the child lest he should make the same mistakes.

They wouldn’t let their cat run around outside for fear that it should get run over by acar.

You must take asweater in case the weather should turn cold.

7.地点状语从句

引导地点状语从句的连词有：where，wherever。地点状语从句很简单，要求同学们做到的就是在考试中能从上下文中看出从句表地点的特征。例如：

Man can build huge dams and create alake____only ariver was before.

A.which

B.where

C.whether

D.when

8.方式状语从句

考试中涉及方式状语从句的，用来引导方式状语从句的连词主要有：as和as if/though。

As if/as though经常用在be,act,appear,behave,feel,look,seem,smell,sound,taste及其他描写行为举止的动词之后。如果as从句出现在句首，在书面英语中，主句之前常加上so。

Just as amoth is attracted by alight,so he was fascinated by her.

像飞蛾扑向灯光一样，他也被她深深吸引。

另外名词the way也可以用来引导方式状语从句。

I did not like the way he eyed me.

我不喜欢他瞪着眼睛瞧我的样子。

（二）定语从句

定语从句的考查主要有以下几个方面。

1.关系词的选择

总的说来关系词的选择一要看先行词，二要看关系词在从句中的作用，在此基础上熟记几个常用的固定句式，如：the same...as,such...as。当看到先行词前有the same或such修饰时，可直接从选项中找出as，选择就变得比较简单了。关于关系词的选择考生应该注意以下几点:

1）在涉及关系词在句中作定语时，同学们应该熟悉关系词作定语时的各种变体。

作定语的关系词可有以下变体，试比较：the car whose window is broken;the car the window of which is broken;the car of which the window is broken。

We came within sight of the mountain,____has attracted so many climbers.

A.as summit

B.which summit

C.the summit of it

D.the summit of which

此题就属于the window of which这种形式。如考生能熟练掌握这些变体，则很容易做选择，此题答案为D。另外，先行词是人时，同样也可有这3种形式，如：the boy whose mother is ateacher;the boy the mother of whom is ateacher;the boy of whom the mother is ateacher.

当然考试中也有对一般形式的考查，只要能够看出关系词作定语修饰先行词，就不难判断答案为whose。

The damaged ship,____crew had been saved,was completely drowned.

A.whose

B.which

C.that

D.what

2）“介词+关系代词”中介词的选择往往是命题的要点，也是定语从句的难点。

“介词+which/whom”主要有以下几种情况：

a）介词是句中短语搭配的一部分，通常情况下，在正式文体中，介词位于关系代词之前，在非正式文体或口语中，介词位于词尾。如：表示“结识某人”要用“be acquainted with...”，所以作定语时，应该是：with whom...be acquainted。

Konald is aman____,partly because of his influence in politics.

A.with whom you will be glad to be acquainted

B.in whom you will be glad to be acquainted

C.who you will be glad to be acquainted of

D.whom you will be glad to be acquainted on

但当介词与从句中的动词没有依赖关系时，无论在何种文体中，介词都必须位于关系代词之前。

Another important source of income are the famous Andorran stamps,which most stamp collectors are familiar with.

After several publishers had returned the manuscript,the author no longer knew anyone to whom to sent it.

b）“部分+of+整体名词”的结构，该结构作关系词也就是“部分名词+of which/whom”的结构。常用量词none,half,both,neither,each,all,a few,a little of whom或which。

In chemical works there are many waste materials,some of which can be turned into useful things under certain conditions.

另外，考生要注意这一结构的变体。即“of whom/which+部分名词”。例如：

It now has20,000hectares of land,____more than two-thirds are under cultivation.

A.of which

B.of whom

C.of whose

D.whose lands

此题也可以写成more than two-thirds of which。

c）另一种介词是表示最高级范围的介词。例如：

Living in the western part of the country has its problems,____obtaining fresh water is not the least.

A.with which

B.for which

C.of which

D.which

选项中只有C中的介词是表示最高级范围的，所以答案为C。

介词的选择更多的是看关系词与先行词之间的关系，例如：

She has written many novels popular with young people,of which this is an example.这里用of which源自结构：an example of the novels。

d）有时介词与先行词构成短语，例如：to which，源于to...extent的短语搭配。

It is useful to be able to predict the extent____which aprice change will affect supply and demand.

A.from

B.with

C.to

D.for

2.准关系代词的用法

as,but,than等原来被认为是连词引导状语从句，现多当关系代词来解释，称作准关系代词，也译作拟关系代词。

以as当连词分析：

He is as brave asoldieras the soldier who(=what)ever lived.

他的英勇不下于古往今来的任何军人。

在as和than之后的what可省略，故本句=He is as brave asoldier as ever lived.

以as当关系代词分析：

He is as brave asoldier as（关系代词）ever lived.

1.as的用法

1）as本为连词，但为省略其后的代词，它本身兼有代词的作用而成为关系代词。其用法有以下三种：

a）前面有as的时候，引导定语从句的关系代词用as。

As many children as came were given cakes.来的那些孩子们都分到了蛋糕。

=All the children that came were given some cakes.

He is as diligent aman as ever lived.他是世界上最聪明的人。

b）前面有such的时候，引导定语从句的关系代词用as。

I will provide you with such thing as（关系代词）you may need.我给你提供一些你可能用得着的东西。

He does not possess such amind as（关系代词）is necessary to ascientist.他缺乏科学家所必须具备的头脑。

c）前面有the same的时候，引导定语从句的关系代词通常用as。

I have bought the same bicycle as you have.我买了跟你一样的自行车。

Bees like the same odors as we do.蜜蜂喜欢的气味跟我们一样。

the same之后的关系代词也可以用that,但两者含义不同。

the same...as（指同样的或同类的）

the same...that（指同一个）

This is the same watch as Ilost.（这和我丢的表是一样的。——不是同一块。）

This is the same watch that Ilost.（这是我丢的那块表。——同一块。）

2）as作为关系代词还可以作为关系代词代替整个主句所表达的意思。as可置于句首或句子后部，在它所引导的定语从句中必须承担一定的语法成分，即不是作主语就是作

宾语。

As is reported,a foreign delegation will visit the city.（不可以说As it is reported，因为as引导定语从句同时作主语，it是多余的）

As apoet points out,life is but adream.（不可说As apoet points it out,as引导从句同时作宾语。）

注意：不要把用作关系代词的as和用作连词的as混淆起来。as用作关系代词时，只能代表一个句子，绝不能代表一个单词。

English as spoken in Australia is slightly different from British English.

分析：as前面只有English一个单词，故as便不是关系代词而是连词，as spoken in Australia=as(it is)spoken in Australia,it指English。

又如Oxford as Isee it（我所见到的牛津大学），as之前只有一个单词Oxford,故是连词，在它引导的从句中see是及物动词，后面的it代表Oxford作其宾语，不能省掉。

The telephone____was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell.

A.as is known by usB.as do we know it

C.as we know itD.as we know

as前只有单词telephone，不能用作关系代词，而应作连词用，故正确的选择应是C。如果把上题中的as从句置于句首或句末，这时as便指主句所表达的意思，变成关系代词，做know的宾语，我们就该选D，即As we know,the telephone was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell。（或The telephone was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell,as we know.)

3）as和which用来指代主句所表达的内容时用法上的区别：

a）which作为关系代词也可以指前面的一个句子或词组所包含的内容，但which指的通常是前面提到过的情况或事实，而不是后面提到的情况或事实；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。as既可指前面已经提到的情况，也可指后面将要提到的

情况。

b）as后若为is或was+过去分词构成的被动态，is或was可省掉。which后的is或was则不可省。

c）as引导非限制性定语从句作主语时，还可以用be以外的其他连系动词作谓语，如seem,become等，一般不用其他行为动词；但which引导非限制性定语从句作主语时，则可用各类动词作主语。但as和which都可以作动词的宾语。

As（不用which）might be expected,John was admitted to the university.

More American troops are being sent to the Middle East,as/which Ihave learnt from the newspaper.

The structure is very complicated,as（不用which,is省略）shown in the figure.

He married her,as/which was natural.

He saw the girl,which（不用as）delighted him.

He saw the girl,as/which he had hoped.

4）as作为代词引导的一些常见结构：

as is well known/as is known to all众所周知

as is often the case情况常常如此

as may be imagined可以想象

as often happens这种情况常常发生

as has been said before如前所述

as is usual with sb.某人经常如此

as is natural很自然

as is supposed/expected/anticipated恰如所料

as will be shown in...将在……中指出

as has been pointed out正如已经指出的

5）结构as is hoped,as is usual with sb.,as is natural,as is supposed,as is anticipated,as is the custom with sb.,as is often the case等中的as既可以视为关系代词，相当于which，引导定语从句，也可以视为连词，后省略了it，引导状语从句。

He stayed late into the night,as is often the case.(=which is often the case=as it is often the case)

6）as构成的短语

as likely as not多半

（with greater probability）

as often as not常常（very frequently）

as soon as not更愿（more willingly）

as far as至某地，就……而言

as follows如下（as comes next）

as from自……之日起（dating from）

as(so)long as只要，在……的时候（while）

as much as to say好像是说

as concerning关于

as far as...is concerned关于，至于

as good as像……一样，几乎等于

as such作为……的身份，……的本身

(just)as soon宁可

as yet至今，尚

as well as和

without so much as+动名词连……都不

such as如，像

in so far as在……的范围内，就……来说

as arule通常，照例

not/never so much as+动词连……都不

as regards关于

as concerns关于

as well也，亦

without so much as+动名词连……都不

not such as+动名词不至于

as against与……相比

as many again多一倍

2.but的用法

but本身含有否定的意思，其作用相当于that...not,之前的主句应有否定词（如no,not,scarcely,hardly等），使前后的双重否定变成肯定。所以，含有关系代词but的句子相当于一个有形容词every的肯定句，只不过用but语气较强。

(There)is no rule but has exceptions.（没有规则是没有例外的。）

=There is no rule that has not exceptions.

=Every rule has exceptions.

(There)is no man but errs.（没有人不犯错误。）

=There is no man who does not err.

=Every one errs.

注意下面两句中的but不是关系代词，而是纯粹的连词，引导表结果的状语从句。

No one is so old but he may learn.

=No one is so old that he may not learn.

直译：没有人太老了而不能学习。

意译：无论年事多高都能学习。

Nothing is so hard but it becomes easy by practice.

=Nothing is so hard that it does not become easy by practice.

直译：没有事情困难到不能通过练习而变得容易。

意译：无论多么困难的事情经由练习都会变得容易。

因为but前后均为完整的从句，but之前无先行词，意义上表示结果，所以它是纯粹的连词而非关系代词。

3.what用作关系代词

1）用于“what is/was+形容词比较级”结构中

本结构中，what是关系代词，泛指上文或下文，意为“更……，尤其……”。这种结构通常作插入语。

He attended the contest and what was more surprising,won agold medal.

She was born in arich family;what was better still,some of her relatives were famous scholars.

Great man are often unknown,or what is worse,misknown.

If,what seldom happens,he would repent,he would be agood boy.

He knows how to write and,what is adifferent thing,how to make money.

He has(what is more precious)a noble heart.（放在括号中作出某种说明）

2）what=the thing(s)which或the person(s)that

what既可以指人，也可以指物。指人时相当于the person(s)that,指物时相当于the thing(s)which。值得注意的是，这种用法的what本身已包括先行词，故前面不能再有先行词。也就是说，前有先行词时，视具体情况用that,which或who,没有先行词时，就要用what。what在其中所引导的从句中可以作主语、宾语和表语。

She is what you call asnob.(=She is the woman that you call asnob.)

That is the furniture what you want to buy.（误）

That is the furniture that/which we want to buy.（正）

what的其他常用用法：

1）A is to Bwhat Xis to Y.此结构表示比喻。其中A、B是主体，X、Y是喻体。相当于汉语的“A对于B犹如（就如，正如）X对于Y一样”。

Intellect is to the mind what sight is to the body.智力对于思想，犹如视力对于身体一样。

Parks are to the city what lungs are to the body.公园对都市是正如肺对于人的身体一样。

2）what在从句中作定语时，还可以和few,little连用，修饰名词，有时也可省去few,little，表示“尽管不多但已是全部……”的意思。

I will lend you what few reference books(=all the few reference books that)I can spare.我愿把我现在现在不用的为数不多的参考书全部借给你。

We contributed what little money(=all the money that)we had towards the earthquake stricken area.我们把仅有的为数不多的钱全捐献给了地震灾区。

The father gave what money he had to his son.(=all the money that)

3）what is called,what we call,what they call等表示“所谓的”，有时含有贬义。

He is what is called a“child prodigy”.他就是所谓的“神童”。

It is what yo call a“new fashion”.这就是你所谓的“新潮”。

4）no sense whatever的含义

Whatever可作形容词，常同not,any,no,nothing,anything一起用于否定句或疑问句中，放在名词或代词之后，意为“一点也……”，相当于副词短语at all.

I have no doubt whatever about it.(=I have no doubt about it at all.)

She has no sense whatever.她没有头脑。

I know nothing of it whatever.

5）what one is

What one is表示“某人现在的样子，某人今日的成就，某人的人品”；what one has表示“某人所有的，某人的财产”；what one was或used to be表示“某人过去的样子”。

I admire him for what he is,not for what he has.我因他的人品而羡慕他，不是因他的财富。

Her painstaking efforts made her what she is.她今天的成就是她勤奋努力的结果。

He is not what he was.他已非从前的他了。

6）what...do with...处置；度过（时间等）

What shall we do with the back numbers of those magazines?我们怎样处理那些过期的

杂志。

What did you do with yourself during the winter holidays?你寒假是怎样度过的？

4.注意先行词表示时间、地点时，关系词的选用

如果用when,where引导定语从句，关系词在从句中应该是作状语，否则应该用which/that等。

例如：

Beijing is the place Iwant to visit most./Beijing is the place where Iwas born.

I will never forget the day we spent together./I will never forget the day when we met the first time.

5.适当注意that和which的区别

that和which在指物时常可以替换，但在下列情况下一般都用that引出从句。

1）先行词前的定语为序数词或形容词最高级时，只能用that。

The first thing(that)we should do is to make aplan.

This is one of the most exciting film(that)I have ever seen.

2）先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little等不定代词时，只能用that。

Is there anything that Ican do for you?

此外that不能引出非限定性定语从句。that亦不可作介词宾语。因此只能用介词+which引出定语从句。

（三）名词从句

名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句的考查主要集中在以下几点：

1.从句的语序为陈述语序

They are teachers and don’t realize____to start and run acompany.

A.what it takesB.what takes itC.what they takeD.what takes them

此句为what引导的宾语从句，故应用陈述语序，从句中直接主语为不定式，it为形式主语，故选A。

2.名词性从句的连词的选择

名词性从句的连词中what的使用最为广泛，考查得也最多。涉及what连词的占5/8。

In some countries,____is called“equality”does not really mean“equal rights for all people.”

A.whichB.whatC.thatD.one

3.连词what为缩合连词

相当于all that/everything that等，除what以外，when,where,why也都可作缩合连词来用，考生也应引以注意。

4.注意whoever与who的差别

whoever相当于anyone who，而who为疑问连词。但从考试来看，更倾向于whoever与whatever,whichever等的比较。也就是说，测试倾向于对句子的理解，而不只是语法规则的记忆。

We agreed to accept____they thought was the best tourist guide.

A.whateverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whoever

选项在句中作主语，根据句意应选D。

5.同位语从句一般以that为连词者多

这类从句的特点是从句表示与其同位的名词的具体内容，连词that没有任何词汇意义。

There are signs____restaurants are becoming more popular with families.

A.that

B.which

C.in which

D.whose

ii.真题举隅

真题举隅：

1. Have you ever been in a situation____you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him or her?（北京交通大学2013年真题）

A.by which

B.that

C.in that

D.where

2.____in amild climate,outdoors sports flourish in Australia.（北京交通大学2013年真题）

A.It could expected

B.As would be expected

C.Such should expect

D.That might be expected

3.____more societies are geared to retirement at around65,companies have alooming problem of knowledge management.（北京科技大学2013年真题）

A.Given that

B.Provided

C.Unless

D.While

4.After____seemed an endless wait,it was her turn to enter the persond manager’s office.（中国海洋大学2013年真题）

A.that

B.there

C.what

D.it

5.The company has now introduced apolicy____pay rises are related to performance at work.（中国海洋大学2013年真题）

A.which

B.where

C.whether

D.what

6.He is quite worn out from years of hard work.He is not the man____he was twenty years ago.（中国海洋大学2013年真题）

A.which

B.that

C.who

D.whom

7.In the cliff side you can see the layers of logical deposits dating from when the earth as____today was still being created.（中国海洋大学2012年真题）

A.we know

B.to be known

C.being known

D.we known it

8.Navigators on ships and aircraft use acompass to determine____they are heading.（中山大学2013年真题）

A.the direction in which

B.to where the direction

C.that direction of which

D.where the direction

9.He’s____as a“bellyacher”—he’s always complaining about something.（中山大学2012年真题）

A.who is known

B.whom is known

C.what is known

D.which is known

10.Things,____is often the case,will turn out to be contrary to one’s wishes.（厦门大学2012年真题）

A.as

B.which

C.that

D.it

11.China has hundreds of islands,____is Taiwan Island.（厦门大学2012年真题）

A.among them the largest

B.and the largest of which

C.and the largest of them

D.but among which the largest

12.The author of the novel was brought up in the country,____recounted in most of her works.（厦门大学2011年真题）

A.as it is

B.as is

C.that is

D.such is

答案与解析：

1.本题考查关系副词where。当先行词是暗指抽象处所的词时，定语从句用关系副词where。类似的先行词有situation.position,stage,case等等。答案选D。

2.本题考查as引导的非限定性定语从句。as代指后面的整个句子，在定语从句中作主语，as引导的非限制性关系从句可以放句首。答案选B。

3.本题考查条件状语。B选项。Provided(that)...表示主句内容只有在从句条件实现的情况下，才能成为事实。意为：只有……才会……A选项given that...主要强调以假定的方式提出前提条件。意为：如果……那么……。答案选A。

4.本题考查名词性从句。after是介词，后面跟一个名词性从句作宾语，且从句中缺少从属连词。四个选项中，只有what是引导名词性从句的从属连词。答案选C。

5.译文：该公司推行了一项政策，在这项政策中，员工薪水与个人绩效挂钩。本题考查关系从句。先行词暗指抽象处所，故用关系副词where。答案选B。

6.本题考查that引导关系从句。当关系从句的谓语为be时，关系代词在从句中又作表语时，应该用that,或省略。答案选B。

7.本题考查as引导定语从句作插入语。as we know=as is known,意为：像我们所知道的那样……，答案选A。

8.本题考查介词+which/whom。且介词是句中短语动词的一部分。句中包含的短语动词是head in，意思是：朝向，关系从句中先行词要放在关系代词的前面。故答案选A。

9.本题考查表语从句。从句作主句be动词的表语，且关系代词在从句中作主语，代指人，故答案选A。

10.本题考查关系代词as。从句as is often the case;as is usual with sb.;As is the custom with sb.;as is supposed;as is anticipated;as is natural;as is hoped等中的as可视为关系代词，相当于which,引导定语从句；也可视为表状态的连词引导状语从句，省略了as后面的it。答案选A。

11.本题考查的是关系从句“介词+which/whom”。其中介词表示最高级的范围。答案有两种形式：of which the largest；the largest of which。但关系从句不能和前面的主句用并列连词连接。因为两者是从属关系。若改为并列句，则须将which改为them。答案选C。

12.本题考查非限定性关系从句。从句中as代替前面整个句子，在后面的句子中作主语，相当于which。故答案只能选B。

第三节比较级

i.考点分析

比较级的考查主要侧重于比较级的一些固定搭配和比较对象的一致性,具体如下：

1.同级比较：as+形容词/副词原级+as+比较对象,否定形式为：not as/so+形容词/副词原级+as+比较对象

2.双重比较：the+比较级，the+比较级

例如：The more you read the book,the more interesting you will find it.

3.倍数比较：倍数+比较级+than;倍数+as+形容词/副词+as...;...times+表示量的名词

(size,length,height)+that of...

4.如有比较对象的选择，应注意比较对象的一致性和互不包容性。这也是比较级常考的考点。如：

His English is better than anyone else’s in his class.

5.than的用法

先行词有比较形容词修饰时，关系代词应该用than，兼有连词和代词的作用。也有学者认为这种用法的than是连词，后省略了主语what。用法与as相似。

The boy has eaten more food than is good for his health.那个男孩吃得太多，对身体不好。

Never give him more money than is necessary.不要给他超出需用的钱。

That evening he drank more beer than had been his custom.那天晚上他喝酒比平常喝得多。

There are more demands than can be satisfied.需求难以满足。

The house was more luxuriously decorated than suited his taste.那房子装饰得太豪华，不合他的审美情趣。

The question is more complicated than appears on the surface.问题比表面上看起来复杂得多。

He did more than was required of him.他做的比他应该做的多。

There is more to it than meets the eyes.看见的并非全部。

6.有些形容词本身就是比较级。如：superior to,inferior to,advantage over等。还有些形容词没有比较级和最高级，如：perfect,complete等。

ii.真题举隅

1.In computer programming,this model is____to any of the others we have ever had.（北京航空航天大学2014年真题）

A.more superior

B.the more superior

C.the most superior

D.superior

2.There is more land in Australia than the government knows____.（中国海洋大学2013年真题）

A.what to do with

B.what to do with it

C.how to do

D.how to do it

3.The boy students in this school are nearly____as the girl students to say they intend to get acollege degree in business.（中国海洋大学2013年真题）

A.as likely twice

B.as twice likely

C.twice as likely

D.likely as twice

4.No bread eaten by man is so sweet as____earned by his own labor.（中国海洋大学2012年真题）

A.one

B.such

C.that

D.what

5.Do you enjoy listening to records?I find records are often____,or better than an actual performance.（中国海洋大学2012年真题）

A.as good as

B.as good

C.good

D.good as

6.The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much arise in birth rates____a fall in death rates as aresult of improvements in medical care.（中国海洋大学2012年真题）

A.andB.asC.butD.or

7.The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half____.（中国海洋大学2012年真题）

A.of last year’s

B.those of last year’s

C.of those of last year

D.that of last year’s

8.At the time of Columbus’voyages,used an astounding diversity of languages,____the diversity used by Europeans.（中山大学2013年真题）

A.the greatest by far

B.by far than greater

C.by far the greatest

D.greater by far than

9.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than____in the public mind today.（厦门大学2012年真题）

A.exist

B.exists

C.existing

D.to exist

10.That trumpet player was certainly loud.But Iwasn’t bothered by his loudness____by his lack of talent.（厦门大学2012年真题）

A.so much as

B.rather than

C.as

D.than

答案与解析：

1.本题考点是be superior to...:比……优越，superior本身就是比较级，前面不再加more。答案选D。

2.本题考查than引导出的比较结构。从句中的主语是the land。than引出后面的定语从句，在此的作用相当于than(the land which)the government knows what to do with。which代替主语the land在定语从句which the government knows what to do with中作介词with的宾语。答案选A.

3.本题考查倍数的比较。倍数+as+形容词/副词+as...。故答案选C。

4.本题考查as之后的分句中常省略与主句重复的部分。在两项同类事物进行比较、对照等时。that/those可用来代替句中前面已经出现的特指的名词或名词短语，以避免重复。这时that/those之后要有一个限定性定语，如介词短语，分词短语，或of短语。本题that代指前面已经出现的bread。故选C。

5.表示同级比较应该用as...as.故选A。

6.本题考察比较级的固定用法not so much...as...结构。not so much...as...意思是：与其说……不如说……。故答案选B。

7.本题考查比较对象的一致性。此句比较今年和去年参加马拉松比赛的人数，即：the number of registered participants in this year’s marathon应该与the number of registered participants in last year’s marathon相对应，为了避免重复，the number of registered participants用that代替.因为the number为单数，故B不对，答案选D。

8.本题考查修饰形容词比较级和形容词的最高级的副词。修饰形容词比较级的副词有：(very)much,(by)far,a great deal,even,yet,still,far and way,a little;修饰形容词的最高级的副词有：the very,much the,(by)far the,far and away the等。本题是比较结构，by far修饰形容词的比较级时是意思是：……的多，放前后均可，故答案选D。

9.本题考查than引出的比较结构。从句中的主语应该是前面的anxiety,后面的over the perceived risk of mountain climbing部分作后置修饰语，修饰的是anxiety。than在此既构成比较结构，又相当于关系代词，引出后面的定语从句。它在此句的作用相当于than(the anxiety which)exists in the public mind today，所以答案选B。

10.本题考查比较级的固定用法not so much...as...结构。not so much...as...意思是：与其说……不如说……。故答案选A。

第四节固定搭配

i.考点分析

综观全国英语专业考研基础卷，我们发现对固定搭配的测试在考试中占很大的比重，为此考生应该注意平时看书时的积累。

ii.真题举隅

1.It was as aphysician that he presented himself,and____he was warmly received.（中国海洋大学2013年真题）

A.as such

B.such as

C.as that

D.so that

2.Although Ihad been invited to the opening ceremony,I was unable to attend____such short notice.（北京科技大学2012年真题）

A.to

B.in

C.with

D.on

3.Helen’s been neglecting her homework lately.I’ll____with her parents about it.（北京科技大学2013年真题）

A.have words

B.have aword

C.have the word

D.have the last word

4.As the world has moved into ascientific age,the origin of herbal medicine in many countries remains____in mystery and often sounds fantastic to those trained in modern science.（北京科技大学2013年真题）

A.shroudedB.hiddenC.coveredD.hindered

5.They have left New York____good；they’ll never go back and live there again.（北京航空航天大学2012年真题）

A.for

B.at

C.by

D.in

6.Do you feel like to____a film or would you rather____at home?（北京航空航天大学2012年真题）

A.going...stay

B.to go...stay

C.going...staying

D.going...to stay

7.You hear me____!This is important.Don’t treat it49____a joke.（北京航空航天大学2012年真题）

A.of,as

B.from,like

C.out,as

D.about,like

8.She is always complaining____something.It____my nerves.（北京航空航天大学2012年真题）

A.of,gets to

B.about,gets on

C.about,got on

D.for,is getting on

9.____such abackdrop,to resolve this problem takes much longer time.（北京交通大学2012年真题）

A.Under

B.Within

C.Against

D.For

10.I think your sister is old enough to know____to spend all her money on fancy clothes.（北京科技大学2012年真题）

A.other than

B.more than

C.rather than

D.better than

答案与解析：

1.本题考查固定搭配。as such的意思是：作为……的身份；站在……的位置；……的本

身。答案选A。

2.本题考查固定搭配。on/at such short notice的意思是：一得到通知马上就……；短时间

内。答案选D。

3.本题考查固定搭配。have aword with sb.意思是：与某人谈话。have words with sb.意思

是：与某人争吵。根据句意答案选B。

4.本题考查固定搭配。be shrouded in mystery意思是：笼罩在神秘气息之中。答案选A。

5.本题考查固定搭配。for good意思是：永远。答案选A。

6.本题考查固定搭配。feel like doing...意思是：想要做……；would rather do...：宁可……。答案选A。

7.本题考查固定搭配。hear sb.out意思是：听某人把话说完。treat it as ajoke意思是：把它当做笑话。答案选C。

8.本题考查固定搭配。complain of sth.意思是：抱怨……。complain about sth.意思是：抱怨……。故答案在A、B、C中。get on one’s nerves意思是：令人不安；使人心烦

意乱。答案选B。

9.本题考查固定搭配。against such abackdrop意思是：在这样的背景下。答案选C。

10.本题考查固定搭配。know better than...很懂得而不至于……，明白事理而不至于……。答案选D。

第五节虚拟语气

i.考点分析

虚拟语气是一项非常重要的语法项目，在研究生入学考试中几乎每年都有涉及，虚拟语气的考点主要为以下几个方面：

1.其一（一般性）：虚拟条件句中时态的运用

1）if引导的非真实条件句中主句和从句时态的选择是虚拟语气最基本的知识，考生必须掌握。有关if引导的非真实条件句中主句和从句时态的选择，请参见下表。

If条件句

主句

现在

过去式

would/should/might/could+动词原形

过去

had+过去分词

would/should/might/could+have

将来

should/were to+动词原形

would/should/might/could+动词原形

2）常见的混合虚拟

混合虚拟包括时态的混合和语气的混合，时态的混合常见如下：从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在正在进行的事实相反：

If Ihadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell,you____now.

A.wouldn’t be smiling

B.couldn’t have smiled

C.won’t smile

D.didn’t smile

根据题意答案为A。

从句与现在事实相反，而主句与过去事实相反。

If you didn’t speak English,the boss wouldn’t have hired you.

总之，虚拟语气的时态选择一定熟记主从句动词与不同事实相反时的时态运用规则。解题时根据句子所表达的时间概念确定与什么事实相反，然后采用相应的时态。

时态不变、语气交叉常见如下：

前一部分用虚拟，后一部分用but,yet,however连接一个陈述句。

You should have taken part in yesterday’s activities,but you didn’t.

前一部分为陈述句，然后用or,or else,otherwise连接一个虚拟句。

I have been away on business for nearly amonth;otherwise Iwould have got your letter much earlier.

条件从句使用虚拟，主句用祈使句。

Should she come earlier than planned,please let me know as soon as possible.

条件从句用虚拟，主句用陈述句。

If this instrument should fail to give satisfaction,we guarantee to refund the purchase money.

3）含蓄虚拟

含蓄虚拟条件句指没有明确的条件从句的虚拟条件句，一般是条件用介词短语、分词短语或并列句的方式表达，这时主句的时态要求与含有条件从句的主句要求相同。

4）if引导的非真实条件句中的省略问题

如果if从句中有were/had/should等可提至句首，省略if。

2.其二（特殊性）：

1）表示“命令、建议、要求”的动词后面的宾语从句中的谓语动词用：should+原形动词。

2）It is+“（表示）建议、命令、请求”的动词的过去分词+that+(should)+原形

动词。

3）It is+“（表示）愿望、建议、命令、请求”的名词+that+(should)+原形动词。

4）it is+形容词+that+should+原形动词。常用的形容词有：

It is time/about time/high time＋that＋一般过去时

lest/in case/for fear＋that＋should＋原形动词

5）wish后面的从句时态可以有以下几种情况：

a）表示与现在事实相反用一般过去时。

b）表示与现在正在进行的事实相反可用过去进行时。

c）表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，也可以用could have done的形式。

d）表示将来不可能实现的情况用would/might+原形动词。

6）would rather后从句的虚拟语气形式只要记住以下规则即可：

a）如果表示当时未实现的愿望用过去时。

b）如果表示过去未实现的愿望则用过去完成时。

c）如果表示将来不大可能实现的愿望，用过去将来时。

7）if only引导的从句意思是“要是……就好了，但愿……”,因此需要用虚拟语气。if only引导的从句的时态主要有以下3种：

a）表示与现在的愿望或事实相反，谓语动词用过去时。

b）表示对过去发生的事情的遗憾，谓语动词用过去完成时。

c）表示将来的某种愿望时，谓语部分用“情态动词的过去时+原形动词”。

8）as if从句中的虚拟在as if(though)引导的从句中，动词一般用虚拟语气：表示对现在的虚拟，谓语动词用一般过去时；表示对过去的虚拟，谓语动词用过去完成时；表示对将来的虚拟，谓语动词用“would+原形动词”。

9）下列动词、形容词和名词后面从句需要接虚拟语气结构：

动词:advise/ask/decide/insist/order/suggest/command/demand/desire/propose/recom-mend/require/consent/deserve/maintain/move/urge/vote

形容词：decided/important/ordered/advisable/demanded/desired/desirable/essential/impera-tive/inevitable/insistent/natural/necessary/preferable/proposed/recommended/required/urgent/vital

名词:advice/decision/demand/desire/idea/motion/necessity/order/plan/preference/proposal/recommendation/requirement/suggestion

ii.真题举隅

1.If only I____what you wanted!（北京航空航天大学2014年真题）

A.knew

B.know

C.had known

D.have known

2.If he hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell,you____here now.（北京航空航天大学2014年真题）

A.wouldn’t be smiling

B.won’t smile

C.couldn’t have smiled

D.didn’t smile

3.He’26.It’s high time he____a trade to make aliving.（北京航空航天大学2014年真题）

A.learn

B.learns

C.must learn

D.learned

4.Your examination results were quite satisfactory,but____if you had spent less time in playing football?（北京航空航天大学2013年真题）

A.wouldn’t they have been better

B.wouldn’t they be better

C.won’t they have been better

D.won’t they be better

5.Why was the suggestion that she____to our party rejected the day before yesterday?（北京航空航天大学2013年真题）

A.be invited

B.to be invited

C.being invited

D.has been invited

6.____,explorers could never have found the cave.（中国海洋大学2013年真题）

A.But for the fissure had been spotted

B.Had the fissure not been spotted

C.Had not the fissure been spotted

D.If not the fissure had been spotted

7.“Has he gained weight?”“He would gain weight,but he____much.”（北京航空航天大学2012年真题）

A.does not eat

B.did not eat

C.hadn’t eaten

D.couldn’t eat

8.But for his help,I____.（北京航空航天大学2010年真题）

A.did not succeed

B.had not succeeded

C.should not have succeeded

D.have not succeeded

9.He might have been killed____the arrival of the police.（中山大学2012年真题）

A.except for

B.but for

C.with

D.for

10.The law requires that everyone____his car checked at least once ayear.（中山大学2012年真题）

A.hasB.would haveC.haveD.will have

11.They____so tired if they____for the whole day.（厦门大学2011年真题）

A.wouldn’t feel...didn’t walk

B.wouldn’t feel...weren’t walking

C.wouldn’t be feeling...weren’t walking

D.wouldn’t be feeling...hadn’t been walking

答案与解析：

1.if only引导的从句意思是“要是……就好了，但愿……”，因此需要用虚拟语气。表示与过去的愿望或事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。故答案选C。

2.本题考查if引导的非真实条件句中的混合虚拟语气。从句与现在事实相反，而主句与过去事实相反。故答案选A。

3.本题考查固定结构It is time/about time/high time＋that＋一般过去时表示虚拟语气，意思是：是该……的时候了。故答案选D。

4.本题考查if引导的非真实条件句虚拟语气的使用。if引导的非真实条件句与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成，主句用would/should/could/might+have。故答案选A。

5.本题考查虚拟语气。表示“愿望、建议、命令、请求”的名词后面的同位语从句用虚拟语气：（should）+原形动词。故答案选A。

6.本题考查虚拟语气。If从句可以由介词短语代替。但是but for后面接短语而不是句子。表示条件的状语从句中的if可以省略，但主语和动词必须交换位置。并且只有were,had,should,would等可以放在主语前。not只能在主语之后，不能放到主语之前。故答案选B。

7.本题考查虚拟语气中时态不变、语气交叉的现象。前一部分用虚拟，后一部分用but,yet,however连接一个陈述句。本题后面一句表示一个现在的事实。故答案选A。

8.本题考查虚拟语气。if从句可以由介词短语but for代替。如果与将来或现在的事实相反，主句用should(would/could/might)+动词原形；如果与过去事实相反，主句用should(would/could/might)+have+过去分词。故答案选C。

9.本题考查if从句可以由介词短语but for代替。类似的短语还有without。故答案选B。

10.本题考查表示“命令、建议、要求”的动词后面的宾语从句中的谓语动词用：should+原形动词。故答案选C。

11.本题考查对过去情况的虚拟。该句中主句用would+原形动词，从句用过去完成时had been doing的形式。故答案选D。

第六节平行结构

i.考点分析

关于平行结构考生应该注意以下几点：

1．要求前后对称的词语，包括所有并列连词，其中最常见的是for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so等等。此外，还有both...and,neither...nor,not only...but also,以及表示比较的词语than,as...as,not so...as,prefer...to,rather than等。

2．在平行结构中，要确保各种并列词语、句式语法形式上的一致，比如或者都是名词，或者都是形容词；或者都是不定式，或者都用动名词；防止破坏对称性的现象发生。

3．例外情况有两种：一是表示方位的副词和介词短语可以并列，二是如果某个动词没有相应的名词形式，可用动名词代替。

ii.真题举隅

1.The organization gives help and support to people in need,as well as____money for local charities.（北京科技大学2013年真题）

A.raises

B.raising

C.raise

D.to raise

2.People in prehistoric times created paints by grinding materials such as plants and clay into powder____.（中山大学2013年真题）

A.water to be added

B.for adding water then

C.and water added

D.and then adding water

答案与解析：

1.as well as为平行结构。as well as连接两个并列的动词give和raise，它们的性数应与主语保持一致。故答案选A。

2.本题考查并列结构。and连接by后面的两个并列分词表示先后顺序。答案选D。

第七节时态和语态

i.考点分析

1．有关动词时态的考点

1）对于时态的考查有两种：一种是时态本身的选择（主要是根据时间状语判断时态的选择），另一种是根据时态选择时间状语，如：

Before the first non-stop flight made in1949,it____necessary for all planes to land for refueling.

A.would be

B.has been

C.had been

D.would have been

本题判断时态的关键是时间状语before...in1949（before+表示过去的时间状语），由此可以判断出谓语动词表示的动作发生在过去某个时间（1949）以前，故用过去完成时。应选C。

He came back late,____which time all the guests had already left.

A.after

B.by

C.at

D.during

从句时态为过去完成时，表示：等到他回来，客人都已经离开了，与完成时态连用的，表示“到……为止”的应该是介词by。所以选B。

2）完成时的时间状语。

完成时的时间状语一般表示“到……为止”，以by短语居多。如果句中的时间状语是由by引出的短语或从句，谓语动词一般是用完成时态，其中，如by后面的短语表示将来的时间，谓语动词需用将来完成时；如果为表示过去的时间短语，则用过去完成时；如果是表示现在的时间短语，则需用现在完成时。例如：

By the time we got there,the train had already left.

By the end of this month,we will have learned five lessons.I have finished reading three chapters by now.

3）注意时间、条件和让步状语从句中时态的运用。

在一般在时间、条件和让步状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来发生的事或主语所处的状态。

4）祈使句+and/or+句子，这一结构中，and后面的句子的谓语动词用一般将来时。例如：

Turn on the television,and you will see advertisements.

2．被动语态中需要注意的问题

1）有些动词的主动形式表示被动，其中又要特别注意“动名词的主动形式表示被动意义”。例如：

My recorder needs repairing.

What alovely party!It’s worth____all my life.

A.to be remembered

B.being remembered

C.to remember

D.remembering

此题考查的是动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。故选D。

2）不定式的主动形式表示被动。例如：

I am to blame.

I have nothing to complain.

3）动词+副词结构，主动表被动。例如：

The books sell well.

The pen writes well.

The car drives easily.

4）动词+形容词结构，主动表被动。例如：

The foods taste delicious.

ii.真题举隅

1.A safety analysis____the target as apotential danger.Unfortunately,it was never done.（中国海洋大学2012年真题）

A.would identify

B.will identify

C.would have identified

D.will have identified

2.They____so tired if they____for the whole day.（厦门大学2011年真题）

A.wouldn’t feel...didn’t walk

B.wouldn’t feel...weren’t walking

C.wouldn’t be feeling...weren’t walking

D.wouldn’t be feeling...hadn’t been walking

3.I apologize if I____you,but Iassure you it was unintentional.（2011年对外经贸大学真题）

A.offend

B.had offended

C.should have offended

D.might have offended

4.You should have put the milk into the refrigerator.I expect it____bad by now.（中山大学2013年真题）

A.went

B.had gone

C.has gone

D.goes

5.Until then,his family____from him for six months.（中山大学2012年真题）

A.didn’t hear

B.hasn’t been hearing

B.hasn’t heard

D.hadn’t heard

6.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage____avoided.（对外经贸大学2011年真题）

A.is to be

B.can be

C.will be

D.has been

答案与解析：

1.本题考查would用在含蓄条件句中使用虚拟语气。根据题的后半部分，前半句是对过去的事情所做的假设，还原为if it had been done,a safety analysis would have been identified the target as apotential danger.故答案选C。

2.feel是感官动词，不用于进行时，故C、D排除。因为是已经走完了，所以已经成为过去的事实，用一般过去时。答案选A。

3.本题考查交错时间的虚拟条件句。was暗示事情发生在过去。从后半句中可以看出说话者并不认为自己当初有意冒犯别人，所以虚拟条件句中的谓语动词应该用表示与过去事实相反的虚拟形式。若说话者意识到自己冒犯过别人，则原题应用I apologize if Ihas offended you。答案选B。

4.我估计它现在已经坏了。本题考查现在完成时。现在完成时表示过去某时发生的动作，其结果影响到现在，或其状态继续到现在。答案选C。

5.本题考查过去完成进行时，表示某动作从较早的过去持续到过去某时，并强调这一动作在过去某时仍在持续进行。答案选B。

6.本题考查be+to+V（动词原形）表示：预先的计划；说话者的意志（如命令、劝告等）本题体现了说话者的意志。答案选A。

第八节倒装

i.考点分析

倒装结构也是比较常见的一种句式，但考查的比分不大。倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装，但就考试来讲重点是部分倒装。

1.通常要求全部倒装的情况

1）当there,here,then,thus等副词置于句首，谓语动词为come,go,jump,rush,exist,lay,follow,arise,be等不及物动词或系动词，且主语不是代词时，往往要求全部倒装。

例如：There stands amonument in the center of the square.

2）做状语的地点副词和地点介词on,down,out,at等短语置于句首，通常用全部

倒装。

例如：On the hay lay awounded boy of not more than seventeen.

2.通常要求部分倒装的情况

1）含有否定意味的词置于句首，句子倒装。常用的含有否定意味的词有：hardly,barely,not,seldom,little,few,nowhere,never,at no time,by no means,in no way,in no case,under no circumstances,not until,not only...but also...,neither...nor...等。例如：

Not until the game had begun____at the sports ground.

A.had he arrivedB.would he have arrived

C.did he arriveD.should he have arrived

2）“only+状语置于句首”，句子倒装。

only后的状语可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，要特别注意，从句并不倒装，而是主句倒装。

如：Only when the war was over was he able to get happily back to work.

3）so/neither置于句首，句子倒装，表示“也/也不……”例如：

I could not persuade him to accept it,____make him see the importance of it.

A.if only Icould notB.no more than Icould

C.or Icould notD.nor could I

4）现在分词和过去分词可提至句首构成“分词+be+主语+其他”的倒装句式。例如：

Enclosed in the letter was aphoto of abeautiful girl.

Glooming in the test tube on the table was the mysterious something which they had been working so hard to find,radium.

5）so/such...that...句型中，so+形容词/副词提前，句子倒装。例如：

So boring was the speech that the audience all left halfway.

Such anoise did they make that the neighbors could not go to sleep at night.

ii.真题举隅

1.No sooner____than he realized that he should have remained silent.（北京航空航天大学2014年真题）

A.the words had spoken

B.had the words spoken

C.the words had been spoken

D.had the words been spoken

2.____the building did he realize that there was danger everywhere in it.（北京航空航天大学2014年真题）

A.Upon entering

B.When he entered

C.Only after entering

D.After he had entered

3.____the door when agust of wind blew the candle out.（北京航空航天大学2012年真题）

A.He had no sooner opened

B.Hardly had he opened

C.Scarcely did he opened

D.No sooner did he open

4.____,there is no place like home,wherever you go.（北京航空航天大学2010年真题）

A.It may be humble

B.As humble it may be

C.Humble it may be

D.Humble as it may be

5.____I would like to help you,I’m afraid Isimply too busy at the moment.（中国海洋大学2012年真题）

A.As much

B.Much as

C.Much thought

D.Though much

6.Nowhere but in the continuous research work____find the meaning of his life.（中山大学2012年真题）

A.for him to

B.he can

C.he could

D.can he

7.Lover of towns____I am,I realize that Iowe adebt to my early country life.（中山大学2012年真题）

A.because

B.where

C.who

D.as

8.____,I must do another experiment.（中山大学2012年真题）

A.Be it ever so late

B.It is ever so late

C.It be ever so late

D.So late it be ever

答案解析：

1.本题考查no sooner...than...，常放在句首，表示强调，这时主句要倒装。话是被说出口，应该用被动。故答案选D。

2.本题考查“only+状语置于句首”，句子倒装。A、B、D后面的句子都不用倒装。答案选C。

3.本题考查本题考查hardly/scarcely...when...放到句首，主句用过去完成时，并且用倒装。故答案选B。

4.本题考查as引导让步状语从句用倒装。as引导让步状语从句有下列两种形式。a.名词（不带冠词）/形容词/副词/分词+as+主语+动词；b.动词+as+主语+助动词。本题属于第一种形式，故答案选D。

5.本题考查as引导让步状语从句用倒装。as引导让步状语从句有下列两种形式。a.名词（不带冠词）/形容词/副词/分词+as+主语+动词；b.动词+as+主语+助动词。本题属于第一种形式，故答案选B。

6.本题考查含有否定意义的词用在句中用倒装。例如hardly,barely,not,seldom,little,few,nowhere等。故答案选D。

7.本题考查as引导让步状语从句用倒装。as引导让步状语从句有下列两种形式。a.名词（不带冠词）/形容词/副词/分词+as+主语+动词；b.动词+as+主语+助动词。本题属于第一种形式，故答案选D。

8.本题考查“be+主语+形容词”,或“命令动词+疑问词+主语+助动词”等没有连词的句型，也可以表示让步。本题中be it ever so late=no matter how late it is。故答案选A。

第九节情态动词

i.考点分析

在英语专业考研基础卷中对情态动词的测试所占比重很小，所以考生大体上了解以下几点就足够了。

1．情态动词的基本用法

1）can

表示能力，客观可能性，允许；表示惊讶、怀疑、不信任（主要用于否定、疑问或感叹句中）；could作为can的过去时，除了具有与can相同的用法以外，还可以用于比较委婉客气的提出请求、疑问或陈述看法。这种用法在时态上与can没有差别。

2）may

表示允许、可能性、或许会，询问一件事可不可以做，may还可以表示祝愿。may as well表示“不妨”，用来提出建议。例如：

If you don’t like to swim,you____stay at home.

A.should as well

B.may as well

C.can as well

D.would as well

might是may的过去式，比may更客气、委婉。但might的可能性比may更小。

3）must

意为：必须做某事，它的否定意思为：禁止，不允许等。

4）ought to

意为：应该做某事，（暗示有责任，有义务去做某事。）

5）need

用作情态动词意为：需要，有必要。主要用于否定句和疑问句。

6）dare

作为情态动词，其基本含义为：敢于……。主要用于否定、疑问和条件句。

7）shall

表示承诺、规定、命令、威胁和决心等。此外shall用于第一人称或第三人称疑问句，表示征求对方的意见。

特殊：

a）shall be doing...

b）The government of the people,by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.

8）will

用作情态动词的will可用于各个人称，表示“意志、意愿、习惯和预测”等等。在疑问句中用于第二人称时，表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问。

Will you please pass me the water?

would作为will的过去式，与will的用法和意义相同。只是在疑问句中用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问时语气更委婉。

9）might as well不妨，倒不如

2．情态动词表示推测的用法

情态动词表示推测的用法是考试中常常出现的，考生应该重点掌握。在情态动词的推测性用法中,must,can,could,may,might各用于不同的句型，应注意分辨。具体使用规律为：must只用于肯定句中；can/could不能用于肯定句中；may/might不能用于疑问句中；另外还应注意can’t表示“不可能”，may not表示“可能不”。考试时，如果有原因说明自己的猜测，一般应该用must,can’t而不是may,may not。情态动词表示推测的用法具体如下：

1）“can’t+原形动词”表示对现在发生的事情的否定推测。意为：不可能。“can’t+have+过去分词”表示对过去发生的事情的否定推测。例如：

The room is in aterrible mess;it____cleaned.

A.can’t have been

B.shouldn’t have been

C.mustn’t have been

D.wouldn’t have been

如果强调对正在发生的事情的不肯定的判断，可以用“can’t+动词的进行式”。

2）“may+原形动词”表示对现在发生的事情的不大肯定的推测，“may+have+过去分词”表示谈论过去的某种可能性，且这种可能性现在还存在，意为：“或许已经”，“可能已经”。例如：Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night,no matter what we____during the day.

A.should have done

B.would have done

C.may have done

D.must have done

如果强调对正在发生的事的不太肯定的推测，可以用“may+动词的现在进行式”。

3）“must+动词原形”表示对现在发生的事情的肯定的推测。意为：一定……，准

是……。“must+have+过去分词”表示对过去发生的事情的肯定推测。同样“must+动词的现在进行时”强调对现在正在进行的事情的肯定的推测。

3．注意：有些“情态动词+have+过去分词”并不表示推测

1）“could have done”用于虚拟语气表示本来能够做某事而没做，表示惋惜、委婉的

批评。

Some women____a good salary in ajob instead of staying home,but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.

A.would make

B.must make

C.could have made

D.should have made

2）“might+have+过去分词”用于虚拟语气表示：本来可以……而没……,含有“劝告”“责备”的意思。

3）“should+have+过去分词”表示：本应该做……而没做……。其否定式表示：本不应该做……而做了。例如：

You____him so closely;you should have kept your distance.

A.shouldn’t follow

B.mustn’t follow

C.couldn’t have been following

D.shouldn’t have been following

4）“ought to+have+过去分词”同“should+have+过去分词”，其否定式同“shouldn’t+have+过去分词”。

5）“needn’t+have+过去分词”表示：本不必做而做了的事。

ii.真题举隅

1.It was essential that they told the President that soldiers from other nations____in the front lines.（北京交通大学2012年真题）

A.should be

B.would be

C.be

D.have to be

2.It was impolite for you to leave without saying goodbye;you really____have done so.（中山大学2012年真题）

A.shouldn’t

B.wouldn’t

C.couldn’t

D.mustn’t

3.People thinking about the origin of language for the first time usually arrive at the conclusion that it developed gradually as asystem of grants,hisses and cries and____a very simple affair in the beginning.（厦门大学2012年真题）

A.must be

B.must have been

C.ought to be

D.should be

4.As it turned out to be asmall house party,we____so formally.（厦门大学2011年真题）

A.need not have dressed up

B.must not have dressed up

C.did not need to dress up

D.must not dress up

5.Much as____,I couldn’t lend him the money because Isimply didn’t have that much spare cash.（厦门大学2011年真题）

A.I should have liked to

B.I would like to have

C.I should have to like

D.I would have liked to

答案与解析：

1.本题考查情态动词would表示过去将来。根据句意答案选B。

2.本题考查shouldn’t have done，表示本不应该做……实际上却做了。含有责备的意义。答案选A。

3.本题考查must have been，表示对过去事实的肯定猜测。根据句意答案选B。

4.本题考查needn’t have done，表示本没有必要……实际上却做了。根据句意答案选A。

5.本题考查情态动词would表示愿望或个人的想法。a.would like+to do：表示现在或将来的愿望；b.would like+to have done：表示过去没有实现的愿望；c.would+have liked+to do：含义与用法b相同。与第一人称连用时也可以用should.题干还原为as Iwould very much like to lend him money...，故不是与主语连用，不能用should，故答案在B、D中，B选项中缺少了done，故答案选D。

第十节一致原则

i.考点分析

一致原则包括主谓一致问题和数的一致以及修饰成分与被修饰成分之间要一致等原则。在考试中涉及得不多，但却是一项基本的语法规则。

1．注意邻近一致原则

1）由or,either…or…,neither…nor…,not only…but also…连接的词作主语时，谓语动词的形式要与靠近它的主语一致。例如：

Neither the teacher nor the students are going to the class today.

Neither the prices nor the quality has changed.

Not only you but also Iam to blame.

特殊：

together with;as well as;in addition to;followed by等，对主语的数量不产生影响。

2）在there,here引导的句子中，如有若干个主语，则谓语与邻近的主语一致。例如：

There was adictionary,some books and several albums on the bookshelf.

Here are afew envelops,a pen and some paper in the drawer.

特殊：

There appears20people.

2.用作主语时，谓语用单数

1）either,neither,one,each(of),every(of)作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：

Every silver knife,fork,and spoon has to be counted.

Neither is satisfactory.

Either of these buses goes past the university.

2）everyone,everybody,no one,nobody,anyone,someone,somebody,one of,anything,everything,nothing,what,whoever等词后面，动词用单数。

3）动词不定式，动名词以及从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。但and连接上述结构时动词用复数。

例如：Singing and dancing are their greatest pleasure.

4）国家、机构、书刊、事件等的名称作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：

The United Nations was founded in1945.

The Thirty-Nine Steps was written by John Buchan.

3.作主语时谓语动词用复数

1）both/few/many/several/a number/the majority of等结构作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用复数。

2）用and和both...and...连接两个主语时，谓语动词一般多用复数。但注意：当并列主语指的是一个人或一个事物时，谓语动词用单数。例如：

Ice—cream and cake is what she wants after dinner.

3）当两个单数名词前都有the时，谓语动词多用复数。

The manager and the secretary of the firm are very able men.

但是：The editor and publisher of the newspaper is avery able man.（指同一个人）

4）某些集合名词（如：few,people,the rest,cattle,police等）作主语时，谓语动词用

复数。

5）a great many,a good many,a number of等短语修饰复数名词时，谓语动词用复数。但是，many a要修饰单数名词时，谓语动词用单数。例如：

Many astudent wants to apply for the scholarship.

6）在正式语体中，“one of those+复数名词”之后的定语从句中的谓语动词要用复数。例如：

Jane is one of those persons who always think they are right.

但是，当one之前有the only等词修饰时，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。例如：

She is the only one of the girls who is willing to take amake-up examination.

4.作主语时，谓语动词既可以用单数又可以用复数

1）family,army,class,crowd,herd,public,group,party,committee,company,government,group,team等集合名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于它们的意义。但它们表示不可分割的整体时，用单数；但当它们强调集体中的各个成员时，用复数。例如：

Class Two is having English class.

Class Two are playing on the sports ground.

2）Chinese,Japanese,English,French等词指语言时，用单数；指人民是用复数。

3）时间、金钱、距离、体积等名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。

例如：Twenty dollars is too expensive.

但如果它们表示具体的、个别的单位，谓语动词用复数。

例如：The last two years have been very difficult for us.

4）一些以-ics结尾的词作主语表示“学科领域”时，谓语动词用单数。用来表示具体的“行为”“观点”“数字”时，谓语动词用复数。例如：

Statistics is afield of study.

The statistics in the report are accurate.

ii.真题举隅

1.Which of the following sentences is grammatically INCORRECT?（北京交通大学2014年真题）

A.Politics are the art or science of government.

B.Ten miles seems like along walk to me.

C.Mumps is akind of infectious disease.

D.All the furniture has arrived undamaged.

2.The factory manager and secretary____our party.（北京航空航天大学2014年真题）

A.is to attendB.are to attendC.were to attendD.is attended

答案与解析：

1.A：有些名词虽然为复数形式，但意义为单数，用单数动词。大多数复数形式的抽象名词属于此类。如：physics（物理学）；phonetics（语音学）；politics（政治学）；statistics

（统计学）；economics（经济学）；appendicitis（盲肠炎）；mumps（腮腺炎）；dominoes

（多米诺骨牌）；故A选项be动词应该用is；C选项正确。B：主语为“一段时间”“一笔钱”“一段距离”“一个重量”时，若形式为复数，而意义上为单数时，则用单数动词。故B选项正确。D选项furniture是不可数名词故谓语动词应该用单数，D选项正确。本题答案为A。

2.本题考查复合主语主谓一致。当A、B表示两个不同的单数名词或代词时，谓语动词通常用复数。当A、B表示同一个人、物或概念是，用单数动词。表示同一个人只用一个冠词，表示不同的两个人，就要用两个冠词。故答案选A。

第十一节强调和省略

i.考点分析

强调和省略在考试中出现得不多，但作为一个语法项目考生还是应该了解。强调句的考查主要有：

1.强调句的基本结构

1）强调句的基本句型是“It is(was)+所强调的成分+that/who(whom)”，其中，所强调的成分小到一个词，大到一个从句均可。that视具体情况可由who,whom替代，但是常见的还是that,注意不能误用when,where来替代that.例如：

It is your mother whom(that)I want to see.It was he who(that)told me the news.

It is because Ilove him that Ican do everything for him.

2）上述强调句可以演变为:It was not until that…;It was because…that…;It was only...after…that…等句式。

3）强调句可以强调动词谓语以外的任何成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。动词谓语强调应用助动词。

2．有关省略，常见以下几种情况

1）并列句中的省略在并列句中，后一个分句中与前一个分句相同的成分往往可以

省略。

The news made some people happy,but(it made)some(other people)angry.

2）在复合句中的省略：比较状语从句中的省略

I like English more than(I like)Spanish.

Most girl students are more diligent than boy students(are).

时间状语和条件状语从句中的省略

You don’t need to go there immediately if(it is)not urgent.

While(I was in)Beijing,I visited many historical sites.

If(it is)necessary,we will hold ameeting immediately.

3）way,place,reason,day等词后面的定语从句常可以省略关系代词或关系副词。

This is the place(where)I once lived.

The day(when)he was in London is unforgettable.

ii.真题举隅

1.While driving along the treacherous road,____.（北京航空航天大学2014真题）

A.my right rear tyre blew out

B.my right rear tyre had ablowout

C.I had ablowout on my right rear tyre

D.I had my right rear tyre blowout

2.____on aclear day,far from the city crowds,the mountains give him asense of infinite peace.（北京航空航天大学2013年真题）

A.If walking

B.Walking

C.While walking

D.When one is walking

3.It is only when you nearly lose someone____fully conscious of how much you value him.（北京航空航天大学2013年真题）

A.do you become

B.then you become

C.that you become

D.have you become

4.Steven hardly ever washes the dishes and he rarely,____does any cleaning.（中国海洋大学2012年真题）

A.as ever

B.as never

C.if ever

D.never ever

5.____for the timely investment from the general public,our company would not be so thriving as it is.（厦门大学2012年真题）

A.Had it not been

B.Were it not

C.Be it not

D.Should it not be

6.____for the war,the two countries would have normalized their relations thirty years earlier.（厦门大学2011年真题）

A.If it was not

B.If had it not been

C.Were it not

D.Had it not been

答案与解析：

1.本题考查时间状语从句省略主语与be时，从句主语必须与主句主语保持一致。从句还原是while Iwas driving along the treacherous road,故主句的主语是I。答案选C。

2.本题考查时间状语从句省略主语与be时，从句主语必须与主句主语保持一致。本题主句的主语是the mountains，放到从句中不同，故从句应有自己的主语。答案选D。

3.本题考查强调句型：it is...that...。本题强调条件状语从句。答案选C。

4.本题考查避免动词的重复而省略动词。答案选C。还原为if he ever does the cleaning，意思是：即便他扫除。

5.本题考查虚拟语气中，表示条件的状语从句中的if可以省略，但主语和动词必须交换位置。并且只有were,had,should,would等可以放在主语前。本题考查if条件句中的混合虚拟。从句表示与过去事实相反，故答案选B。

6.本题考查虚拟语气中表示条件的状语从句中的if可以省略，但主语和动词必须交换位置。并且只有were,had,should,would等可以放在主语前。根据主句用的时态可以推断出答案选D。