- 冯庆华《汉英翻译基础教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解
- 圣才电子书主编
- 4187字
- 2021-06-04 17:55:07
1.3 翻译示例汇总
一、翻译中的选义
例1:“好”的译法
(1)好的开始是成功的一半。
【译文】Well begun, half done.
【解析】这里的“好”意思是与“坏”相对的。
(2)他身体很好。
【译文】He is very well. (or: He is in the pink of health.)
【解析】这里的“好”是指身体状况。
(3)邻居对她都很好。
【译文】Her neighbors are all very kind to her.
【解析】这里的“好”意思是待人友好、热情。
(4)这我们好解决。
【译文】The problem can be easily solved.
【解析】这里的“好”是指难易程度。
(5)计划订好了。
【译文】The plan has been drawn up.
【解析】这里的“好”放在动词以后,表示动作完成。
(6)好,今天到此为止。
【译文】Well, let us call it a day.
【解析】这里的“好”是语气词,此处表示同意,赞同。
(7)你好。
【译文】How do you do? (or: Hello!)
【解析】这里的“好”是礼貌用语。
(8)你留个电话,有事好跟你联系。
【译文】Give me your telephone number so that I can contact you when necessary.
【解析】这里的“好”表示目的。
(9)今天下午好几个人过来找你。
【译文】Quite a few people came in looking for you this afternoon.
【解析】这里的“好”放在时间名词或数量词前,表示时间很长或数量很大。
(10)今天好热。
【译文】How hot it is today!
【解析】这里的“好”放在形容词或动词前,用以强调。
(11)电影要放好长时间?
【译文】How long will the film last?
【解析】这里的“好”放在形容词前,表示范围(程度)。
例2:“考察”的译法
(1)中国明朝的著名旅行者徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省,足迹几乎遍布全国。
【译文】In his lifetime, Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, toured 16 provinces, leaving his footmarks in nearly every corner of the country.
【解析】这里的“考察”相当于explore的意思。
(2)为了进行真实、细致的考察,他很少乘船、坐车。
【译文】In order to get a detailed and truthful picture of the places he visited, he usually traveled on foot even when carriages and boats were available.
【解析】从上下文的语境可以看出,这里的“细致考察”实际上是对大自然的仔细观察了解。
(3)他总是选择道路艰险的山区、人迹罕至的森林进行考察。
【译文】He always preferred to venture into mountainous areas with rough tracks, and into forests seldom visited by human beings.
【解析】根据“道路艰险”“人迹罕至”等语境的描写,这里的“考察”应选择venture into作为对应词。
例3:“意思”的译法
甲:这一点小意思,请务必收下。
乙:你这个人真是有意思,怎么也来这套?
甲:唉,只是意思意思。
乙:啊,真是不好意思。
【译文】
A: This is a little gift as a token of my appreciation. Please do take it.
B: Oh, aren’t you a bit too polite? You should not do that.
A: Well, it just conveys my gratitude.
B: Ah, thank you then, though I really do not deserve it.
【解析】上面这段话中的“意思”,在上下文中的意思都不一样,必须结合原文语境,深入分析话语,进行灵活处理。
例4:我在银行里为你挂个名,你白天去走走,晚上教我儿子,以一面找机会。
【译文】I will put you on the payroll at the bank. You can drop in during the day and tutor my son in the evening while looking for a job.
【解析】拿到这样的句子,我们会对里面的“挂个名”“走走”和“找机会”感到困惑,如果只从字面上,显然是无法理解的。但联系上下文,我们知道“挂个名”是聘为正式职工,“走走”是象征性的上班,“找机会”是找工作。对原文的理解准确了,才能选择正确的含义。
例5:路上浮尘早已刮净,剩下一条洁白的大道来,车夫也跑得更快。(鲁迅《一件小事》)
【译文】By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadway clean, and the rickshaw man quickened his pace.(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
【解析】词语“洁白”的常见义项包括“纯白色”(例如“洁白的雪”)和“纯洁、未受玷污”(例如“洁白的心灵”)。但从此句的语境上可以看出,“洁白”应该指“干净、洁净”。clean一词,符合“洁白”一词在此语境下的意义,且与“路上浮尘早已刮净”达到逻辑上的统一。
例6:“化”的翻译
(1)经济法制化:manage economic affairs within a framework
(2)经济全球化:economic globalization
(3)社会知识化:build a knowledge-driven society
(4)国际关系民主化:the practice of democracy in international relations
(5)国民经济信息化:build an information-based national economy
(6)科研成果产业化:apply scientific research results to industrial production
例7:有关动物的比喻
◇落汤鸡a drowned rat
◇养虎为患to cherish a snake in one’s bosom
◇瓮中捉鳖like a rat in the hole
◇如鱼得水like a duck to water
◇像热锅上的蚂蚁like a hen on a hot girdle
◇愚蠢如猪as stupid as a goose
◇犟得像头牛as stubborn as a donkey/a mule
例8:good的译法(根据搭配不同,一个词语可以有很多译法)
a good Christian虔诚的教徒
a good parent慈爱的父母
a good child孝顺的子女;懂礼貌的孩子
a good wife贤良的妻子
a good husband尽责的丈夫
a good tooth健康的牙齿
a good investment可靠的投资
a good reason正当的理由
a good income高收入
a good table丰盛的一餐
a good person正直的人
a good soul善良的人
a good heart慈悲的心
good looks美貌
good manners得体的举止
二、翻译中的选词
例1:词汇的语义范围
(1)总之,几年的实践表明,我们搞改革、开放的路子是对了。
【译文】Of course, our achievements in the last few years have proved the correctness of our policies of reform and opening to the outside world.
(2)中国应该用实践向世界表明,中国反对霸权主义、强权政治,永不称霸。
【译文】China should show the world through its actions that she is opposed to hegemonies and power politics and will never seek hegemony.
(3)这是中国从几十年建设中得出的经验。
【译文】That is what we have learnt from decades of development.
【解析】汉语中,“实践”和“经验”两个词的涵义比英语的practice和experience大的多,所以这里例(1)和例(2)中的“实践”分别译成achievements和actions,因为它们的意义显然不是practice一词所能涵盖的。例(3)中的“经验”一词译为what we have learnt,而不是experience。
例2:empty,vacant,hollow,blank等词的习惯搭配
◇empty:可用来形容house,room,cup,box,stomach,head,words等,表示“空的;一无所有”;
◇vacant:可用来形容position,room,house,seat等词,表示“没有人占用的;空缺的”;
◇hollow:可与tree,voice,sound,cheeks等词连用,表示“空洞的,虚的;不实的;下陷的”;
◇blank:可用来形容look,mind,page,check等,表示“空白的,无表情的,无思想的”。
例3:动宾的习惯搭配
◇进行社会主义革命to carry out socialist revolution
◇进行一场激烈的争论to carry on a spirited debate
◇进行实地调查to make an on-the-spot investigation
◇进行亲切的谈话to have a cordial conversation
◇进行侵略to commit aggression
◇进行协商to hold consultation with
◇进行核试验to conduct a nuclear test
例4:定语和中心语的习惯搭配
◇大志a high aim
◇大道理general principle
例5:“说”的灵活转译
◇他说英语。He speaks English.
◇他说谎。He’s telling a lie.
◇他说他很忙。He says he is busy.
◇我说不好。I’m unable to express.
◇这可说不得。It must not be mentioned.
◇别胡说八道!Be reasonable!
例6:注意话语的褒贬色彩,如表达“死”这一概念的词汇:
◇to expire逝世(褒义)
◇to pass away与世长辞(褒义)
◇to close/end one’s day寿终(褒义)
◇to breathe one’s last断气
◇to go west归西天
◇to pay the debt of nature了结尘缘
◇to depart to the world of shadows命归黄泉
◇to give up the ghost见阎王
◇to kick the bucket翘辫子(贬义)
◇to kick up one’s heels蹬腿(贬义)
例7:同一词语的不同褒贬色彩:
(1)他们讲索取,我们讲奉献。
【译文】They preach taking from others, whereas we advocate giving to others.
【解析】该例中有两个“讲”,第一个是贬义词,因此译者选用了preach,而第二个是褒义词,有大力提倡的味道,因此译者选择了带有褒义色彩的advocate。
(2)她追求的是真理,而他追求的是荣华富贵。
【译文】What she seeks is truth, and what he hankers after is nothing but high position and great wealth.
【解析】该例中的“追求”在很多情况下都做褒义,而第二个“追求”根据其语境,显然带有贬义色彩,故选用了贬义的hanker after。
(3)在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。
【译文1】During the entire process of reform and opening, we must persistently oppose corruption.(《北京周报》)
【译文2】Throughout the process of reform and opening, we must combat corruption.(外文出版社1994年版)
【解析】此例中,“反对”一词是中性,本无褒贬之分,译成oppose也是可以的,但译文2中的combat(与……作战),意义更为积极,更准确地反映了原文的语气。
(4)其实中年人是人生盛华的开始,不应贪婪,不应享受。
【译文】In actual fact, middle age represents the prime of one’s life, allowing no indolence, no self-indulgence.
【解析】该例中,“享受”本身没有贬义,但在此上下文中有贬义。因此不宜按照字面意思译为enjoy one’s life,而用self-indulgence译出原文的贬义色彩。
例8:特定语篇中词语的选择:
(1)我不断参阅论述那些问题的著作。
【译文】I have constantly referred to works dealing with those subjects.
(2)那台机床出问题了。
【译文】Something has gone wrong with that lathe.
(3)一路上没出什么问题。
【译文】The trip went off without mishap.
(4)你会听到到处都在讨论这个问题。
【译文】You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.
【解析】例(1)中的“问题”是指需要研究的“学科”或“论题”,故译为subject;例(2)中的“出问题”是指“出了毛病”,故译为something has gone wrong;例(3)中的“问题”是指“意外或不幸的事”故译为mishap;例(4)的“问题”是指人们谈论的“话题”,故译为topic。
三、翻译中的多样性
例1:“说”的不同翻译:
(1)阿Q将衣服摔在地上,吐一口唾沫,说:“这毛虫”!(鲁迅《阿Q正传》)
【译文】Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
(2)“三个臭皮匠,合成个诸葛亮”,这就是说,群众有伟大的创造力。(《毛泽东选集》)
【译文】The old saying, “Three cobblers with their wits combined would equal Zhu Geliang, the mastermind,” simply means the masses have great creative power.
(3)贾珍感激不尽,说:“待服满,亲带小犬到府叩谢。”于是作别。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》)
【译文】Chia Chen thanked him warmly and promised, “When the mourning is over, I shall bring my worthless son to your honorable mansion to kowtow his thanks.” And so they parted.(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
【解析】以上三例中都出现了“说”一字,但译文中却使用了不同的三个词语来表达。事实上,三个“说”字的含义是不同的,分别表示咒骂、解释和允诺,如果翻译时不加辨别地一概译为say,必然导致译文的枯燥,而且也不能完整表达原文的意思。
例2:不同的文体所用的语言是不同的。政治性文章与科技文章不同,新闻报道与文学作品不同,写的文章和嘴上讲话不同。
【译文】The language varies from genre to genre: a political essay differs from technical writing, a news report is not the same as a literary work, and a written article is quite different from oral speech.
【解析】原文出现了5个“不同”,分别译成了varies,differs from,is not the same as,is quite different from.“文章”出现了三次,译成了三个同义词:essay,writing,article。译文显得地道自然,足见词语多样性的优势。
例3:“安居乐业”的不同翻译:
(1)安居乐业是老百姓的共同愿望。
【译文】It is the common desire of the people to live in peace and contentment.
(2)希望我全体人民,一律安居乐业,切勿轻信谣言,自相惊扰。(《毛泽东选集》)
【译文】It is hoped that the people throughout the country will live and work in peace and will not give credence to rumors or raise false alarm.
(3)也不知安居乐业,最早见于什么典籍,四个字一针见血地点明了生活中的一个因果关系。
【译文】I cannot say in what canon the words “secure in one’s home and happy in one’s work” first appeared, but that expression cuts to the core of a primary determinant in human life.
【解析】汉语“安居乐业”的一般意义是安定的生活,愉快的工作。这条成语可以根据字面思来翻译:to live in peace and contentment。上面例句采用了三种不同的译法,充分体现了多样性译法的优越性。
例4:“德才兼备”的不同翻译:
(1)have both practical efficiency and moral excellence
(2)have both intellect and character
(3)be both well-trained to do things and well-disposed to do good
(4)be both gifted and righteous-minded
(5)be a man of ability and probity
(6)be noted for one’s scientific turn of mind and nobility of soul
(7)be noted for expertness and virtuousness
(8)be noted for one’s intellectual attainments and cardinal virtues
(9)be noted for both high proficiency and good moral sense
例5:你的眼睛长哪儿去了?
(1)Haven’t you got eyes?
(2)Are you so blind?
(3)Are you such a blind man?
(4)You’re really stone-blind!
(5)As blind as a bat!
(6)A sightless guy?
(7)Why are you so rash?
(8)How can you be so reckless?
(9)My goodness! Be careful!
(10)Would you please be more careful?