1.2.5　表面改性

（1）表面化学改性　表面化学改性是指通过反应剂与材料表面发生化学反应，使材料表面在化学结构上发生改变，从而达到提高材料某些性能的目的。橡胶表面化学改性时所发生的化学反应很复杂，涉及取代、置换和环化反应等。改性手段主要有表面卤化、表面磺化、表面氧化、共价功能化等。

（2）表面物理改性　表面物理改性是通过各种物理技术对橡胶表面进行改性的一种方法。用于橡胶表面改性的物理技术包括火焰处理、电晕处理、冷等离子与热等离子处理、紫外线处理、激光处理、X射线与γ射线处理、电子束处理、离子束处理、金属化以及喷涂处理等。

（3）表面涂层　表面涂层是指在不改变橡胶表面性质的基础上，在其上覆盖一层具有特殊功能的物质。形成这些涂层的方法多种多样，有加热沉积法、配成涂料涂覆法、溶液浸涂法、静电喷涂法和媒介法等。

（4）等离子技术　等离子体是由高能离子（电子、正负离子、中性粒子）和紫外线组成的。利用等离子体进行橡胶表面改性的方法通常分成等离子体处理、等离子体聚合和等离子体接枝聚合。

等离子体材料表面改性可以使材料表面产生一系列物理与化学变化，或产生刻蚀而粗糙，或形成致密的交联层，或引入含氧极性基团，使亲水性、黏结性、可染性、生物相容性及电性能分别得到改善，而材料基体性能几乎不受影响。

材料大多是通过表面与环境相互作用的。在实际应用中，橡胶的表面性能涉及生物相容性、黏合性、耐磨性和耐老化性等诸多性能，若想更好地发挥橡胶的表面性能，除了需要对橡胶表面化学特性、表面能、润湿性、界面相互作用等问题进行研究外，还需要从橡胶表面分子的微观结构入手，不断探索新的改性手段，从而达到适应不同环境的目的。

今后橡胶改性的发展趋势主要是综合利用多种改性技术，使改性品种向系列化和高性能化发展，改性工艺趋向于高效、节能、环保与低成本。橡胶改性技术仍将是技术开发的热点之一，更是开发具有崭新性能新型材料的重要途径。

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