第一节 同义替换

一、考点介绍

同义替换是雅思阅读G类考试中的一个重要考点，各种题型中都会出现。在Cambridge IELTS 8至Cambridge IELTS 11的400道G类阅读题目中，绝大部分的题目都涉及了同义替换。

这种考点的出题思路就是题目和（或）选项中的关键词或词组在原文材料中往往以同义替换的形式出现。最常见的替换有两种。

一是同义词替换。这是雅思阅读G类考试中最常出现的，比如，题目中的关键词是well-paid，在原文中该词则被替换成excellent wages。

二是词性的替换。比如，题目中的关键词是explain，在原文中该词被替换成explanation。

同义替换在雅思考试中无处不在。《雅思周计划——词汇》一书专门收录了近年来雅思考试中经常出现的重点词汇及其同反义词，要求考生熟练掌握。

二、真题示例

Example 1（Cambridge IELTS 11 Test 1 SECTION 3 Questions 35-37)

【真题回顾】

SECTION 3

Read the text below and answer Questions 35-37.

The Zebras' long walk across Africa

James Gifford investigates some interesting new research into migration patterns of zebras living in Botswana in southern Africa.

A For any animal to travel over 270 km in Botswana partly across the sand and low bush terrain of the Kalahari Desert is a remarkable achievement. But to do so in 11 days and without any obvious motivation, as this zebra population does, is quite extraordinary. On average their journey involves an exhausting round-trip of 588 km—between the Makgadikgadi salt pan area and the Okavango river—making it second only to the great trek undertaken by the zebra herds in the Serengeti National Park. However, what is even more incredible still in my view is that until recently it was completely unheard of.

B Hattie Bartlam, a researcher, discovered this migration while she was tracking zebra groups, officially known as harems, by the Okavango river for her PhD. Each harem consists of a stallion and his seven or eight mares with juvenile foals. There is no loyalty between zebras beyond this social group, though harems often gather together into so-called herds. For her study, Hattie had planned to compare the small-scale movement patterns of 11 different zebra herds in the area.

【考点点拨】

Zebras tend to live together in small units, which experts call 35…………… .

答案：harems

关键词：zebras…small units、experts call

定位句：根据关键词定位到B段第一行：Hattie Bartlam, a researcher, discovered this migration while she was tracking zebra groups, officially known as harems, by the Okavango river for her PhD．为取得自己的博士学位而在Okavango河边追踪斑马群时，研究者Hattie Bartlam发现了这次迁徙。官方称这种斑马群为种马群。

解析：定位句中的zebra groups、officially known as分别和题目中的zebras…small units、experts call是同义替换，答案就是harems。

考点：同义替换。zebra groups=zebras…small units;officially known as=experts call。

Here, a male zebra has charge of a number of adult 36……………and their young.

答案：mares

关键词：male zebra、adult、young

定位句：根据关键词定位到B段第二行：Each harem consists of a stallion and his seven or eight mares with juvenile foals．每一种群的斑马都包含一匹种马和七八匹带着小马驹的母马。

解析：定位句中的stallion（种马）、juvenile foals（小马驹）分别和题目中的male zebra（雄性斑马）、young是同义替换，定位句中的mares意思是“母马”，空格前给出了adult，答案就是mares。

考点：同义替换。stallion=male zebra; juvenile foals=young。

These units sometimes assemble in bigger groupings or 37…………… , but it is still clear that the zebras' loyalty only extends to the small unit they live in.

答案：herds

关键词：units、assemble in、bigger groupings

定位句：根据关键词定位到B段第三行：There is no loyalty between zebras beyond this social group, though harems often gather together into so-called herds．尽管斑马群经常聚到一起组成所谓的兽群，但在斑马之间没有忠于大的社会群体的概念。

解析：定位句中的harems（种群）、gather together into分别和题目中的units、assemble in（聚集成……）是同义替换，定位句中herds的意思是“牧群”，它和空格前的bigger groupings是同义替换，答案就是herds。

考点：同义替换。harems=units; gather together into=assemble in;herds=bigger groupings。

Example 2（Cambridge IELTS 9 Test A SECTION 1 Questions 1-6）

【真题回顾】

SECTION 1

Read the text below and answer Questions 1-6.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

【考点点拨】

1 a person with two small children who wants a few hours a week of unskilled work in the early mornings

答案：D

关键词：a few hours a week、in the early mornings

定位句：根据关键词定位到D广告：2 hours per day. Mondays to Fridays—to finish work before the offices open每天两小时。从周一到周五，在办公室开放之前完成工作。

解析：定位句中的2 hours per day...Mondays to Fridays、before the offices open分别和题目中的a few hours a week、in the early mornings是同义替换，定位句出现在D广告中，答案就是D。

考点：同义替换。2 hours per day...Mondays to Fridays = a few hours a week;before the offices open = in the early mornings。

2 a person with no experience or qualifications who is looking for a short term full-time job, Monday to Friday

答案：C

关键词：no experience or qualifications、short term full-time job

定位句：根据关键词定位到C广告：from January till July, a nanny/carer for Toby, 2 yrs. Formal qualifications not as important as a sensible, warm and imaginative approach．招聘一名保姆，从1月到7月照看一名叫托比的两岁孩童。无须正式的资格证书，但要通情达理、热情并且富有想象力。

解析：定位句中的from January till July、qualifications not...important分别和题目中的short term full-time job, no...qualifications是同义替换，定位句出现在C广告中，答案就是C。

考点：同义替换。from January till July = short term full-time job;qualifications not...important = no...qualifications。

3 a lively student with no experience, who cannot work on weekdays

答案：A

关键词：lively student、no experience、cannot work on weekdays

定位句：根据关键词定位到A广告：

Bright, friendly, experience not essential 阳光，友善，无需工作经验

Energy and enthusiasm an absolute must必须有活力和热情

Sat & Sun only 只需周六和周日上班

解析：定位句中的experience not essential、energy and enthusiasm、Sat & Sun only分别和题目中的no experience、lively、not...on weekdays是同义替换，定位句出现在A广告中，答案就是A。

考点：同义替换。experience not essential = no experience;energy and enthusiasm = lively;Sat & Sun only = not...on weekdays。

4 a person with more than 20 years' experience in catering who would like to run a business

答案：G

关键词：20 years' experience、would like to run a business

定位句：根据关键词定位到G广告：Ideal for very experienced person looking to start up on their own．极富经验者寻求创业的理想之选。

解析：定位句中的very experienced、looking to start up on their own分别和题目中的20 years' experience、would like to run a business是同义替换，定位句出现在G广告中，答案就是G。

考点：同义替换。very experienced = 20 years' experience;looking to start up on their own = would like to run a business。

5 a catering college graduate who is now looking for his first full-time job

答案：F

关键词：catering college graduate、full-time job

定位句：根据关键词定位到F广告：FULL-TIME COOK for a new and exciting café venture.全职厨师，开始一段新的、令人兴奋的餐厅工作之旅。

解析：定位句中的cook和题目中的catering是同义替换，定位句出现在F广告中，答案就是F。

考点：同义替换。cook = catering。

6 a person with many years' experience working in hotels who is now looking for well-paid part-time employment in a hotel

答案：B

关键词：many years' experience、well-paid、part-time

定位句：根据关键词定位到B广告：

requires a part-time silver service waiter/waitress.

Only applicants with experience and good references need apply.

Excellent wages.

需要一名兼职的高级服务生/女服务员。

要求应聘者有经验，并且需要有好的推荐信。

薪酬优厚。

解析：定位句中的with experience、excellent wages分别和题目中的many years' experience、well-paid是同义替换，定位句出现在B广告中，答案就是B。

考点：同义替换。with experience = many years' experience;excellent wages = well-paid。