第1章　非谓语动词与谓语动词

1.1　非谓语动词

非谓语动词一般包含3种，即动词不定式、动词的分词（现在分词和过去分词）和动名词（注意与动词的现在分词区分）。

动词不定式

动词原形：study

带to的不定式：to study

例子：Scott liked to study English.

动词的分词

现在分词：studying

过去分词：studied

例子：Scott is studying.

English should be carefully studied.

动名词

动名词：studying

例子：Scott enjoys studying.

这些词在句中扮演多种角色，有时可作名词，有时可作形容词，有时可作副词。需要根据它们在句中的作用区分它们的角色。

1.1.1　不定式

如上所述，不定式可作名词、形容词或副词。

（1）不定式当名词用

名词在句子中可以作主语、宾语或表语，同理，不定式也有类似的功能。

a.作主语

To take a trip around the world is my dream.

注意：不定式做主语，可用形式主语It取代，所以该句型可以改写为

It is my dream to take a trip around the world.

b.不定式当名词用作及物动词的宾语

如果是不及物动词，则不定式可能是修饰该动词，相当于副词作状语。一般这种及物动词均为表示意愿、企图的意思。如want、wish、hope、intend、try、like、expect等。

I want to see him.

不定式当名词用一般不可直接作不完全及物动词的宾语，一般要以形式宾语it代替，加了宾语补足语之后，再接不定式。句型如下：

sb+find/think/believe/consider/feel/make+it+n./adj+to do

I think it interesting to hike.

I make it a habit to get up early.

课堂练习：请画出形式宾语it和名词不定式

The teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills.

参考答案：

The teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills.

c.不定式在be动词后作表语，此时主语一般为表“意愿”“企图”的名词。

My plan is to see her.

His goal is just to become an English tutor.

（2）不定式当形容词用

不定式当形容词用一般采取后位修饰，也就是置于名词的后面，作形容词用，修饰前面的名词或代词。例如：

I have some homework to do.

I have no desire to argue with him.

There is something to do.

注意1：不定式短语多为主动语态，但有时亦可以改为被动，以强调被动的概念。

There is something to do.

There is something to be done.（强调被动的概念）

注意2：be动词后的不定式作表语，既可以理解为不定式当名词用，也可以理解为不定式当形容词用。

My plan is to see my little brother.不定式既可以看作名词也可以看作形容词。

（3）不定式当副词用

不定式当副词用一般可以修饰动词、形容词或副词。

a.修饰动词

一般置于该动词之后，该动词一般为不及物动词。

He came to see me.

He sang a song to please her.

You will soon get to know him.

b.修饰形容词

He is able to handle this tough matter.

Scott is apt to lie.

My book is good to read.

c.修饰副词

My son is old enough to go to school.

He is too old to swim.

1.1.2　分词

分词只有现在分词和过去分词2种。现在分词原则上就是V+ing，而过去分词多半为V+ed，但也有几百个不规则动词，但我们这里重点讲解句式结构，不规则动词的过去分词不作为重点讲解，大家只要看到认识就可以了。分词不能单独做谓语，但可以和助动词、系动词等一起构成复合谓语。例如：doing不可以单独做谓语，但可以和系动词be一起构成复合谓语be doing；done不能单独做谓语，但可以和has/have一起构成复合谓语has/have done。

（1）分词可作形容词用

例如：The student asked a confusing question.

I am confused.

分词作形容词用的时候，要注意判断应该用现在分词还是过去分词。分词作形容词时，可以表示下列概念。

a.表主动/被动的概念

令人……的：现在分词

感到……的：过去分词

受到……的：过去分词

例如：

This movie is pretty exciting.（令人兴奋的）

I was excited when I watched the movie.（感到兴奋的）

The charming girl happens to be John's sister.（令人着迷的）

The guy was charmed with the girl's elegance.（感到着迷的）

b.表进行/完成的概念

正在……的：现在分词

即将……的：现在分词

已经……的：过去分词

例如：

The retiring professor walked into the classroom.（即将退休的）

The retired worker took a trip all around the world.（已经退休的）

综合例子：

My baby boy is tiring.（形容词作表语）

I am tired.（形容词作表语，我累了）

I hope it done right now.（形容词作宾补，被动）

I found him tired.（形容词作宾补，被动）

I found the house crumbling.（形容词作宾补，主动）

（2）分词可作名词用

凡可作形容词用的分词（也就是可以翻译成“……的”之分词），前面若有定冠词the，可当作单数或复数的名词使用。

例子：The wounded were rushed into the hospital.The unexpected has happened.

（3）分词可作副词用

例子：It is freezing cold today.

The tea is boiling hot.

1.1.3　动名词

动名词的形态与现在分词完全一样。正是由于此点，很多同学往往容易把它们混淆。破解方法其实很简单，同学们请牢记一点：动名词具有名词的性质，同名词一样可以在句中可作主语、宾语及表语。

（1）动名词作主语

Playing with him is fun.

Seeing is believing.

动名词构成的主语一般表示单数。例如：

Helping others gives me great pleasure.

课堂练习：请画出动名词主语

Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone's remuneration，publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.

参考答案：

Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone's remuneration，publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.

在这个例子中，就是由and连接的3个动名词短语作主语的例子。虽然动名词作主语这个知识点并不难，但是由于连续3个很长的动名词一起作主语还是增加了该句的难度。

（2）动名词作表语

Seeing is believing.

His hobby is collecting stamps.

注意动名词作表语和现在分词的区别。

He is dancing.（动词的现在分词，表正在发生的动作，他正在跳舞）

His hobby is dancing.（动名词作表语，表示一种状态，他的爱好是跳舞）

由于动名词与主语均具有名词的性质，故有“A is B=B is A”的逻辑特性。因此只要把V+ing与主语互换，如果语言顺畅，即可断定V+ing是动名词，否则即为现在分词。

（3）动名词作宾语

I liked dancing.（动词的宾语）

Somebody does not enjoy singing.（动词的宾语）

He is fond of talking a lot.（介词的宾语）

His illness prevented us from starting our own business.（介词的宾语）

（4）名词性从句改写成动名词的所有格形式

That he teaches well is well-known.

His teaching well is well-known.

I believe that he studies hard.

I believe his studying hard.