(8)语句的变换

语句在构造上有单句、复句和并列句之分,不过这些不同的句式,完全是属于语法上的,与意义无关。同一种意义,可以用好几种句式表示出来,说明尽管不同,意思可以不变。为求彻底明了这三种句式的构成起见,我们不妨试将句式变换,例如将复句改为单句,将并列句改为单句,或将复句改为并列句。对于语句的各种构造运用自如之后,写作时就不会有何困难了。

1. 由复句改成单句

A. 将名词从句换用其他单词或短语的

告诉我你出生的时间和地点。

Tell me when and where you were born.(复句)

Tell me the time and place of your birth.(单句)

我们不能相信他说的话。

We can place no confidence in whatever he says.(复句)

We can place no confidence in any of his words.(单句)

我一定可以使你满足。

I am certain that I shall give you satisfaction.(复句)

I am certain of giving you satisfaction.(单句)

我很高兴听见你回来了。

I was glad to hear that you had come back.(复句)

I was glad to hear of your having come back.(单句)

我确信他会成功。

I am sure that he will succeed.(复句)

He is sure to succeed.(单句)

一般相信他是肺病死的。

It is generally believed that he has died of consumption.(复句)

He is generally believed to have died of consumption.(单句)

B. 将形容词从句换用其他单词或短语的

我们现在住的这房子对我们很适合。

The house in which we live at present suits us exactly.(复句)

Our present house suits us exactly.(单句)

他们的说明不可靠。

The explanation they gave cannot be true.(复句)

Their explanation cannot be true.(单句)

他给了我一张他自己画的画。

He gave me a picture which he had drawn.(复句)

He gave me a picture of his own drawing.(单句)

他不是一个说谎的人。

He is not a man who tells a lie.(复句)

He is not a man to tell a lie.(单句)

那是一个不可宽恕的过失。

That was a fault which should not be forgiven.(复句)

That was a fault not to be forgiven.(单句)

C. 将副词从句换用其他单词或短语的

他们听到他的自白非常惊异。

They were much surprised when they heard him confess.(复句)

They were much surprised to hear him confess.(单句)

因屡次失败所以他就不再试了。

As he had made many failures,he made no further attempt.(复句)

Owing to repeated failures,he made no further attempt.(单句)

那少年很诚实不肯撒谎。

The boy is so honest that he cannot tell a lie.(复句)

The boy is too honest to tell a lie.(单句)

他工作如此优秀使大家为之吃惊。

He worked so well that every one was astonished.(复句)

He worked very well,to the astonishment of everyone.(单句)

为求生活舒服他努力工作了。

He worked hard that he might live in comfort.(复句)

He worked hard for the purpose of living in comfort.(单句)

他夜里动身以免被人看见。

He started by night for fear he might be seen by any one.(复句)

He started by night to escape being seen by any one.(单句)

如果我能助你,我很高兴。

I should be very glad if I could help you.(复句)

I should be very glad to be able to help you.(单句)

如果没有了水,什么都不能生存。

If there were no water,nothing could live.(复句)

Without water,nothing could live.(单句)

他虽富有,但不满足。

Though he is rich,he is never contented.(复句)

In spite of all his riches,he is never contented.(单句)

尽管他有很多的经验,他仍然是无能。

Though he has much experience,he is still incompetent.(复句)

For all his experience,he is still incompetent.(单句)

那栋屋子和其紧邻一样高。

That house is as high as the next one.(复句)

The height of that house equals that of the next one.(单句)

地势愈高,空气愈冷。

The higher the ground,the cooler the air.(复句)

The air becomes cooler in proportion to the height of the ground.(单句)

他完全照着指示地做了。

He acted precisely as he was instructed.(复句)

He acted precisely according to instructions.(单句)

种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。

As you sow,so you will mow.(复句)

The harvest will depend upon the sowing.(单句)

吃完了饭,他们又出发了。

When they had finished their dinner,they started off again.(复句)

Having finished their dinner,they started off again.(单句)

她把一切都准备好,只等他回来。

She made everything ready before he arrived.(复句)

She made everything ready previous to his arrival.(单句)

我将留此,等他到来。

I shall stay here till he arrives.(复句)

I shall stay here till his arrival.(单句)

2. 由并列句改成单句

A. 用 Participle 的

太阳出来,雾就散了。

The sun rose and the fog dispersed.(并列句)

The sun having risen,the fog dispersed.(单句)

强盗一见警察就逃走了。

The robber saw the policeman and took to his heels.(并列句)

Seeing the policeman,the robber took to his heels.(单句)

B. 用 Preposition 的

他身体不好不能工作。

He was in bad health,and so he could not work.(并列句)

Owing to bad health,he could not work.(单句)

他不但允诺而且实行了。

He not only made a promise,but kept it.(并列句)

Besides making a promise,he kept it.(单句)

C. 用 Infinitive 的

我虽用了功,却未考取。

I worked hard,but failed.(并列句)

I worked hard only to fail.(单句)

3. 由复句改成并列句

他虽穷,但很诚实。

He is honest,though poor.(复句)

He is poor,but honest.(并列句)

时间一到灯就熄了。

As soon as the clock struck the hour,the lights were put out.(复句)

The clock struck the hour,and the lights were put out at once.(并列句)

揿铃即响。

If you press the button,the bell will ring.(复句)

Press the buttonand the bell will ring.(并列句)

你要吵闹,我就罚你。

Unless you keep quiet,I will punish you.(复句)

Keep quietor I will punish you.(并列句)