（15）指示代词
指示代词是拿来指示某物的，又称形容词性代词，因为如果在它后面加上一个名词的话，它就成为形容词了。只有在单独用的时候，它才是指示代词，如：
1. This is now the mango season.（代词）
2. This golden mango is my favourite.（形容词）
1. Each of the pupils has his own bag.（代词）
2. Each boy has his own bag.（形容词）
1. Have you read any of his books？（代词）
2. Any school boy knows it.（形容词）
1. this、that、these、those 的用法
a. this 是指近处的东西，其复数为 these；而 that 是指远处的东西，其复数为 those。
① This is a shirt；that is a collar.
② These are mine，and those are yours.
b. 两个名词分别指示时，前者用 that（复数用 those），后者用 this（复数用 these）。
①Work and play are both necessary to health；this（= play）gives us rest，and that（= work）gives us energy.
②Dogs are more faithful animals than cats；these（= cats）attach themselves to places，and those（= dogs）to persons.
c. 为避免重复用同一名词，可用 that（复数用 those）来代替前面说过的名词。
①The air of lowlands is not so cool as that of hills.
②The ears of a horse are shorter than those of a rabbit.
d. 又可用 this、that 来代表前面的 clause 或 sentence。
①You suppose him to be a miser，but that is certainly a mistake.
②You paid your debts；and this is quite sufficient to prove your honesty.
e. that 不仅可以代表前面的 clause 或 sentence，而且可以加强其意义，但须用 and that 的形式。
I must consult with him，and that at once.
He will come，and that soon.
I studied English literature when I was young，and that at Oxford.
f. this、that 可以用来归纳既述的几个名词，但须与 all 连用。
①But all this was nothing to what followed.
②What is all that done for？
2. one、ones 的用法
a. 代表前面说过的不定的普通名词，就用 one（复数时用 ones）。
Have you a knife？Yes，I have one（= a knife）.
但在 one 之前如有形容词时，就应再加冠词。如系复数的 ones，就可用 some 代替冠词。
Have you any knives？Yes，I have a sharp one. 或 Yes，I have some sharp ones.（但如果没有形容词时，则连名词也不要，只说 Yes，I have some. 就行了。）
b. 代表前面说过的“不定的普通名词”要用 one，但代表前面说过的“特定的单数普通名词”，就要用 it 才对。换句话说，即是 it 用于“同名同物”的场合，而 one 用于“同名异物”的场合。
Is this knife yours？No，it（= the knife）is my brother’s.（同名同物）Mine is the one（the knife）on the table.（同名异物。）
①Have you ever seen an elephant？（不定的普通名词）
No，I have never seen one.
②Is this elephant from India？（特定的普通名词）
Yes，it is；it is very gentle.
c. one 如果是指一般人（men in general）的时候，后面的所有格就要用 one’s，如系限定的时候，就用 his、her 等。
① One must be careful not to break one’s word.
②To love one’s enemies is a Christian duty.
但 any one、some one、every one、each one、no one 等的场合就要接 he 或 his 了。
① Every one loves his mother.
②I saw some one in the distance，but could not tell in what direction he was going.
3. another、other 的用法
a. another 是 an + other 所构成的，含有两个意思：①另外的（different）。②也是一个（also one）。但都不指固定的事物。
①This shirt isn’t nice；show me another.（different）
②He is a fool，and his wife another.（also one）
b. one...the other 的用法。
在两件事物之中，随便取一件说 one，其余一件则说 the other。
Both my brothers are abroad，one in England and the other in America.
c. the one...the other 的用法。
在二者之中，说其一及其二，而 the one 更常用以指其次所提出之事物，不一定照原说的次序。
①Virtue and vice are before you；the one（指前者的 virtue）leads to happiness，the other（指后者的 vice）to misery.
②The bee and the snake draw material from the same plant. The one（指后者的 snake）transmutes it into deadly poison；the other（指前者的 bee）into delicious honey.
注意：the one...the other 又可作形容词用，如“With the one hand he held aloft the child and with the other（hand）he was making for the shore. ”。
d. others 及 the others 的用法。
有冠词和无冠词意思不同，others = other people，即“别人”，而 the others = the rest，即“其余的人”。
①Do as others do，and few will laugh at you.
②One of them was an American，but the others were Englishmen.
e. each other 及 one another 的用法。
二者之间用 each other，三个以上之间就要用 one another。
①Both of them helped each other.
②The three men helped one another.
f. one after another 及 one after the other 的用法。
前者表继续不断进行，即“逐渐”，后者为“轮流”。
① One falsehood after another falls off of itself.
②He raised one of his hands after the other.
4. each 的用法
① Each of them wanted to try.
②They each have a book.
但“They have a book each ”就是副词，而“Each boy has a book”就是形容词。
5. either 和 neither 的用法
either 是“二者中任何一个”，而 neither 是“二者皆非”。
① Either will do.
②I know neither of his parents.
6. both 和 all 的用法
双方就说 both，三者以上就用 all。
① Both of my parents are tired out.
②They were both tired out.
③They both were tired out.
① All of the chickens are dead.
②They are all dead.
③They all are dead.
7. some 和 any 的用法
some 用于肯定，any 用于否定、疑问及条件句。
①Are there any staying at the hotel？（疑问）
②Yes，there are some.（肯定）
③No，there are not any.（否定）
④Give me a sheet of paper if you have any.（条件）
8. none 的用法
none 原是 no one 合拢来的，单复皆可，现今通常用作复数。又 no = not any 或 not a，而 none = no + Noun。
①Have you a book？No，I have none.（= no book）（单数）
②Have you any sisters？No，I have none.（= no sisters）（复数）
③ None but the brave deserve the fair.（复数）
比较 |
None of the girls are present. No one is present. |
9. such 的用法
a. 用来代替前面提过的名词
①If you are a gentleman，show yourself such.（such = a gentleman）
②He was a great scholar，and was respected as such.（such = a great scholar）
b. such = such men
Prosperous men are much exposed to flattery，for such（= such men）alone can be made to pay for it.
c. such as = those who
Such as（= those who）have plenty will never want friends.
10. the same 的用法
same 前可以加 the、this 或 that 用
He bought a dictionary，but soon sold the same.