（23）语态和语气
Ⅰ. 语态
1. 动词的语态有两种，一种是主动语态（Active Voice），另一种是被动语态（Passive Voice）。
主动语态是以句中的主语为主动的，而被动语态就是以那主语为动作的对象的，例如：
① A dog bit the boy.（Active Voice）
狗咬了小孩。
② The boy was bitten by a dog.（Passive Voice）
小孩被狗咬了。
大部分的情形是可以把语态互相改写的，只有极少数的动词，如 happen 等，才没有被动语态。
2. 由主动改成被动时，是要把原来的宾语用作主语，而动词就用 be + Past Participle 的形式，然后加 by，再加宾语（即原来的主语）。
3. 主动改被动应注意下列各项：
a. 用 people，they，you，we，one 为主动语态的主语，而指一般人的场合，改作被动语态时，通常将这主语略去，不必再加 by people 的字样：
People say that he is rich.（Active）
It is said that he is rich.（Passive）
They speak English all over the world.（A）
English is spoken all over the world.（P）
What do you call this flower？（A）
What is this flower called？（P）
One does not feel a burden of one’s own choice.（A）
A burden of one’s own choice is not felt.（P）
b. 如有两个宾语的话，被动就有两种写法：
He gave me this advice.（A）
I was given this advice by him.（P）
This advice was given me by him.（P）
c. 带有介词的动词，改为被动时，介词仍不可少：
They take care of him.（A）
He is taken care of by them.（P）
She laughed at me.（A）
I was laughed at by her.（P）
We sent for the doctor.（A）
The doctor was sent for.（P）
d. 命令法的场合，要加用 let 一词：
Do it at once.（A）
Let it be done at once.（P）
Take this letter to the post-office.（A）
Let this letter be taken to the post-office.（P）
e. 动词为 know 的时候，后不接 by，而要接 to：
Everybody knows him.（A）
He is known to everybody.（P）
f. 动词的数及时态，应随之改变：
Virtue makes life happy.（A）
Life is made happy by virtue.（P）
I will pay the money.（A）
The money shall be paid by me.（P）
I shall pay the money.（A）
The money will be paid by me.（P）
They can not have said such a thing.（A）
Such a thing can not have been said.（P）
g. 有时中国话说的主动语态，英文却要用被动语态：
I am delighted to see you in good health.
I was surprised at his ignorance.
I am interested in learning English.
I am satisfied with the result.
I was disappointed then.
The train was derailed near Taipei.
（注）被动语态不一定要用 by，如果是指工具就要用 with，只有指行为者才用 by，例如：
He was killed by the robber.
He was killed with a sword.
Ⅱ. 语气
1. 动词的语气有三种，即直陈语气（Indicative Mood），祈使语气（Imperative Mood）和虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）。
2. 直陈语气是不问现在、过去、未来而只是直述某种事实的，一般普通的语句，大都是用的这种语气。
He studies hard.
He is very diligent.
Dead man tells no tales.
What is the best formula for success in life？
3. 祈使语气是用于表示命令、请求、祈祷等的，普通常将主语的 you 省略不说，而动词就用 Root form，否定句时则在动词前加 do not 或 don’t 字样。
Boys，be ambitious！（命令）
Bring me some water，please.（请求）
Lead us not into temptation，but deliver us from evil.（祈祷）
否定时则可说：
Do not sleep in the classroom.
Don’t yawn before others.
有时在普通动词的 Root form 前再加上一个 do 字以加强语气，如
Do save us！
对第一人称及第三人称的祈使语气，就是用 let：
Let me go！
Let him do it！
Let us take a walk！
4. 在祈使语气之后，接有 and 或 or 时，就是表示条件的。
Sow virtue，and the harvest will be virtue.（= If you sow virtue，then the harvest will be virtue.）
Keep quiet，or I will punish you.（= If you do not keep quiet，I will punish you.）（= Unless you keep quiet，I will punish you.）
5. 祈使语气有时可用来表示让步。
Be the work what it may，always do your best.（= Whatever the work may be，...）（= No matter what the work may be，...）（= Let the work be what it may，...）
Try as you may，you will not be able to master English in a few months.（= However hard you may try，you will not...）
Call when you will，you will find him out.（= whenever you may call，you...）
6. 将 suppose 和 say 用于祈使语气时，则 suppose 当 if 解，say 当 for instance 解，例如：
Suppose you were in his place what would you do？
What do you say to going there in a week or so，say next Sunday？
7. 虚拟语气的时态有四种，Present 用 If I be；Future 用 If I should be；Past 用 If I were；Past Perfect 用 If I had been。
8. Present Subjunctive（虚拟语气的现在），表示对现在或未来的不确实的想象，第三人称单数不加 s。
If he be good-mannered，he may also be good-natured.
（注）若将上句 Present Subjunctive 改为 Present Indicative 时，则成 If he is good-mannered，he is not good-natured. 在虚拟语气的说法，意为“他的仪容好不好”尚不确实，若是“仪容很好的话，其性情可能也是好的”，不妨作此想象。至于直陈语气的说法，则对“他仪容之好”已无疑义，而断定“他仪容虽好，性情却不好”。一则说的想象，一则说的事实。目下英美的口语，颇有以 Present Indicative 代替 Present Subjunctive 的倾向。
9. Future Subjunctive（虚拟语气的将来），表示对现在或未来的强大的疑义。不论是何人称，都用 should + Root 的形式，意为“万一的话”，后接 should，would + Root 或 will，shall + Root 或命令句。
If he should be found older than I think，I would not employ him.（I don’t think he is old.）
If I should fail，I would try again.（I shall not fail.）
If it should rain tomorrow，the swimming meet will be postponed.
（注）第一句是对现在的，第二、三句是对未来的强大的疑义。
10. Past Subjunctive（虚拟语气的过去），表示与现在的事实相反的假设，动词常用过去式，但动词 be 则要用 were，三个人称都是一样。后接的主句中的动词，就要用 should（或 would，或 could）+ Root。
If I were rich，I could do so.（= As I am not rich，I can not do so.）
If I were you，I would go abroad.（= As I am not you，I do not go abroad.）
If he were with us，we should be delighted.（= As he is not with us，we are sorry.）
If it were not for the sun，we could not live at all.（= As there is the sun，we can live.）
11. Past Perfect Subjunctive（虚拟语气的过去完成），表示与过去的事实相反的想象，动词用 Past Perfect，后接 would，should + have + Past Participle 的形式。
If he had been diligent，he would have passed the entrance examination.（= As he was not diligent，he did not pass the entrance examination.）
If I had had money，I would have helped you.（= As I had no money then，I could not help you.）
If it had been fine，I should have been glad.（= As it was not fine，I was sorry.）
If it had not been for your help，I should have been drowned.（= As you helped me，I was not drowned.）
12. 除以上四种虚拟语气之外，还有一些在语句中须用或代替虚拟语气的地方，现分条举出如下：
a. 表示与未来的事实相反的想象。如大家都知道阳光是永远不会消逝的，现若假定太阳无光的话，就要用 If + were to 的形式，后接 should，would + Root。例如：
If the sun were to be extinguished，the whole earth would be fast bound in a frost in a day or two.
If I were to go abroad，I would go to America.
b. 在 wish 后面应该用虚拟语气的 Past 或 Past Perfect，表示对于现在，过去将来的事难以达到的愿望。
I wish I were a musician.（= I am sorry that I am not a musician.）（现在）
I wish I had been there.（= I am sorry I was not there.）（过去）
I wish he could come.（= I am sorry he will not come.）（将来）
I wish to be a sailor.（将来的志愿）
I wish I were a bird.（现在未达成的志愿）
I wish I had been a statesman.（过去未达成的志愿）
I wish the rain would stop tomorrow.（将来的切望）
c. 在 as if 后应该接虚拟语气，由 as if 引导的从句，不论主语的单复，常要用复数形。
He speaks as if he were my friend.（= He speaks as he would speak if he were my friend.）
He looks as if nothing had happened.
d. 省略 if 的场合。要将主语和助动词或基本助动词颠倒。
Were I rich（= If I were rich），I would buy it.
We may lie down there，should we fall ill.（= if we should fall ill.）
Were it not for freezing（= If it were not for freezing），the stars would not be so bright.
Had you been more careful（= If you had been more careful），you would not have fallen ill.
Had it not been for your advice（= If you had not given me your advice），I should have grown desperate.
e. 在虚拟语气中用 would 的话，表示那主语有“肯做不肯做，原不知道，如果肯做的话”之意。
If you would only do your best，you would be sure to succeed.
If you would lend me the book，I should be much obliged.
但是如下的说法，又可以表示与现在相反的事实：
He could do it，if he would.
f. 用 Infinitive 来表示虚拟语气的：
It would be wrong to tell a lie.（= It would be wrong if I were to tell a lie.）
I should be happy to be of service to you.
g. 用 Preposition 来表示虚拟语气的：
I would go abroad，but for my poverty.（Were it not for my poverty，I would go abroad.）
Without water the plants and trees would all die.（= If there were no water，the plants...）
With an army of such soldiers，I could conquer the whole world.
h. 用 Conjunction 来表示虚拟语气的：
He worked very hard，otherwise（or else）he would have failed.（= If he had not worked hard，he would have failed.）
Life would be short，but that hope prolongs it.
i. 用 Noun 来表示虚拟语气的：
A wise man would not do such a thing.（= If he were a wise man，he would not do such a thing.）
j. 将条件句省略的场合：
I should like to go with you.（= I should like to go with you，if I could.）
He must be over fifty，I should think.（= He must be over fifty，I should think if I were to think about it.）
I could have come last evening.（= I could have come last evening if I had wanted to.）
Would you kindly lend me your pen？（= Would you kindly lend me your pen，if I were to ask you.）
Might I as k you to show me the way？（= Might I ask you to show me the way，if you didn’t mind.）
Could you spare me a copy？（= Could you spare me a copy，if I were to ask you.）