（25）三种动状词

英文中有一些字眼，由动词变化而来，有“动词 + 名词”，“动词 + 形容词”，“动词 + 副词”的作用，但不能正式作谓语动词（Predicate Verb）用，这些字眼，便叫作动状词（Verbal）。动状词共分三种，即不定词（Infinitive）、分词（Participle）及动名词（Gerund）。

（1）To obey the laws is your duty.（Infinitive）

（2）Obeying the laws，he lived happily.（Participle）

（3）By obeying the laws you do your duty.（Gerund）

（一）不定词

1.“一般的形式”：to + Root-form = Infinitive

不定词头上的这个 to，原来是一个 Preposition，表示与 for 相同的意义，而其后所接的原形动词，那时还是一个名词，意为所做的那回事，后来逐渐失去本意，到现今则只是不定词的一个符号（sign），另无他意了。

2.“不定词的用法”：

（a）用于 Noun 的场合（Noun Infinitive）

（1）To teach is to learn.（Subject）

（2）I like to teach.（Object）

（3）To teach is to learn.（Complement）

〔注〕当不定词用作 Subject 或 Factitive Verb（作为动词，即如 find，make，think 等）的 Object 时，常可用 it 来做形式上的 Subject 或 Object，而把不定词放在后面去，如：

（1）It is never too late to mend.（Subject）

（2）I make it a rule to go out every day.（Object）

又在 Noun Infinitive 之前用有 what、how、where 等疑问词时，可将它作成 Noun Phrase，如：

（1）He did not know how to swim.（= the way to swim）

（2）I wish I know where to go.（= the place for going）

（3）She scarcely knows what to do.（= what she ought to do）

（b）用于 Adjective 的场合（Adjective Infinitive）

（1）I have no friend to help me.

（2）He has no food to eat.

（3）There is much to enjoy in the life of a sailor.

〔注〕省略了关系代词的时候，Preposition 就要移到不定词的后面去，如：

（1）We need a house to live in.（= in which to live）

（2）He had no money to buy food with.（with which to buy food）

（c）用于 Adverb 的场合（Adverb Infinitive）

① 目的（Purpose）

（1）We have come here to study.（= We have come here for the purpose of studying.）

（2）This water is not good to drink.（= not good for drinking）

〔注〕第一例的不定词是修饰动词 come 的，第二例的不定词是修饰形容词 good 的。这种不定词可用 in order to，so as to 来代替。

以上都是表“目的”的，如改为下面的说法，便成表“结果”的了。

② 结果（Result）

（1）I awoke to find my suitcase gone.（= I awoke and found that my suitcase had gone.）

（2）He rose to his feet again，only to fall as before.

③ 原因（Cause）

在表喜怒哀乐等感情的字眼之后接不定词时，大都是表示原因的。

（1）I am glad to hear of your success.

（2）I was surprised to see such a curious sight.

④ 理由（Reason）

（1）He must be crazy to talk like that.

（2）What a careless person to forget such an important matter.

⑤ 条件（Condition）

I should be very happy to be of any assistance to you in any way. = I should be very happy if I were to be of any assistance to you in any way.

⑥ 程度（Degree）

（1）He is old enough to go to school.

（2）She is too young to marry.

〔注〕上面①至⑤主要是拿不定词来修饰动词或形容词的，⑥便是拿来修饰副词的。

（d）独立的不定词（Absolute Infinitive）

与句中其他的词毫无语法的关系，完全处于独立地位，用来修饰全句的，就叫作独立的不定词。

（1）To tell the truth，I do not like him.

（2）He is，so to speak，a book-worm.

（3）To be frank with you，you are a man of weak will.

（4）To do him justice，he is not without some merits.

（5）He fell nearly 100 feet；but，strange to say，the fall did not kill him.

（6）To make the matters worse，thick sleet was driving across the sea.

（7）He knows German and French，not to mention English.

3.“不定词的时态”：

不定词的 Tense 共有 Simple Infinitive 和 Perfect Infinitive 两种。

	Active		Passive
	Indefinite	Progressive
Simple	to do	to be doing	to be done
Perfect	to have done	to have been doing	to have been done

（a）Simple Infinitives

不定词用于 seem、appear、be said、be thought 等动词之后时，表示其动作是和其动词同时的，即动词为 Present 的话，其不定词也是 Present，如：

（1）He seems to be rich.（= It seems that he is rich.）

（2）He seemed to be rich.（= It seemed that he was rich.）

（3）He seemed to be studying hard.（= It seemed that he was studying hard.）

又如在 wish、hope、intend、expect、promise 等含有将来之意的动词之后用的不定词，也具有将来的意思，如：

（1）He promises to work hard.（= He says he will work hard.）

（2）I intend to do it.（= I think I will do it.）

（3）I expect him to succeed.（= I think he will succeed.）

（b）Perfect Infinitives

在 seem、appear、be thought 等动词之后，接用完成不定词的时候，就表示是这些动词的时态以前发生的事，或是到那时为止已完成、或经验过、或继续了的动作。

（1）He seems to have been idle.（= It seems that he was 〔or has been 〕idle.）

（2）He seemed to have been idle.（= It seemed that he had been idle.）

比较:	He seemed to be rich.（= It seemed that he was rich.） He seems to have been rich.（= It seems that he was rich.）

在 wish、hope、intend、expect 等的 Past 之后，接用完成不定词时，就表示那希望未成事实。

He expected to come.（实际来了没有不明）

He expected to have come.（实际未能来）

4. for + Object + Infinitive

不定词虽无语法上的主语，却有意味上的主语，如：

在第一句中不定词的意味上的主语，是和全句的主语同一的，所以不写出，但在第二句中不定词的意味上的主语，就不是和全句的主语同一的，而是动词 expect 之宾语的 him，所以这个宾语的 him，就成了不定词的意味上的主语了。在及物动词的场合，就可直接把那不定词意味上的主语作为全句的动词的宾语，但在不及物动词时，就常用 for + object + Infinitive 的形式，如：

（1）For him to fail to come would be fatal to our plan.（名词的用法）

（2）It was an easy thing for Lord Byron to be a great poet.（名词的用法）

（3）She held the baby up for them to see.（副词的用法）

（4）It is time for us to be up and doing.（形容词的用法）

5. 不定词的 to 的记号，有时可以略去。用在动词 see、hear、feel、find、make、let、have、observe、watch、notice、please 等等之后，便是如此，如：

（1）I never saw any one cry for joy before.

（2）I have never heard her sing.

（3）I feel the cold air strike against my face.

（4）I made him come and sit beside me.

（5）I will have him come at once.

（6）I let him go back to his own house.

（7）Please have a seat.

〔注〕这些动词如果改为 Passive 时，to 便不能省略。

6. 在 than 后的不定词：

普通在主句中的不定词省略了 to 的话，在 man 后从句中的不定词也要将 to 省略，反之亦然，不过例外很多，尤其是前后两个不定词意义相反，成为对照的时候，例如：

（1）It is better to whistle than whine；

It is better to laugh than to cry；

For though it be cloudy，the sun will soon shine

In the blue，beautiful sky.

（2）I can do no otherwise than laugh.

7. 不定词略去 to 的惯用句：

（1）I could not but feel sorry for what you had said.

（2）You had better not work after you have tired yourself.

（3）It’s nearly one，and we had best get a few hours’ sleep.

（4）I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of Lord，than dwell in the tents of wickedness.

（5）I would rather walk than run.

（6）He does nothing but study.

8. 不定词不略去 to 的惯用句：

（1）All you have to do is to try hard.（= All you must do）

（2）In order to know a man，you have only to travel with him for a week.

（3）We are to meet again on Sunday evening.（= It is fixed that we shall meet again...）

（4）Not a star was to be seen in the sky.（= could be seen）

（5）Many hardships are to be endured.（= must be endured）

（6）I am going to tell you about that person.

（7）I am about to start on a trip to Europe.

（二）分词

1. 分词有现在分词（Present Participle）和过去分词（Past Participle）两种，都是作为形容词用的。

	Active	Passive
Present	doing	being done
Past	———	done
Perfect	having done	having been done

2. 形容词与分词的异同。

作为名词的修饰语，紧接在其前或后的附加的用法，又作为主语的补语或宾语的补语时的叙述的用法，二者是完全相同的。

（1）There are a lot of beautiful flowers in it.（Adjective）

（2）In some parts of the country，there is not much flowing water.（Participle）

但分词是兼有“动词 + 形容词”的作用，所以具有动词的种种特色，可以加用宾语、补语或副词，又具有 Tense 和 Voice。它虽无语法上的主语，却有意味上的主语，形容词便不能如此。这便是分词和形容词不同的地方。

（1）This is a chart showing the results of the examination in English.（下接宾语的）

（2）The weather being fine，the party was held in the garden.（下接补语的）

（3）Walking rapidly，she reached the gates of the Hall.（下接副词的）

（4）I have received a letter written in English.（下接副词短语的）

（5）Being written in an easy style，the book was adapted for beginners.（被动语态）

（6）Having been there once before，I had no difficulty in finding his house.（完成时分词）

（7）I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.（Sense-Subject）

（8）This is the camera given me by my uncle.（Sense-Subject）

3. 分词的用法：

（a）现在分词是用作 Progressive Form 的，而过去分词则是用作 Passive Voice 和 Perfect Tense 的。

（b）分词用作形容词的场合，现在分词含有 Active，过去分词含有 Passive 之意。

（1）Men living in town do not know rural pleasure.（= Men who live in town...）（Active）

（2）This is a house built some hundred years ago.（= This is a house which was built some...）（Passive）

（3）Rolling stones gather no moss.（Active）

（4）There were some distinguished men among the guests.（Passive）

〔注〕不及物动词的过去分词用作名词的修饰语法时，已无“被动”之意，仅作“已经”解释而已，如：sunken rocks，fallen trees，withered flowers。

（c）用以缩短副词从句：

（1）Time（时间）

Walking along the street，he met an old friend.（= When he was walking along the street，...）

（2）Cause or Reason（原因或理由）

Living so remote from town，I rarely have visitors.（= As I live so remote from town...）

（3）Condition（条件）

Turning to the right，you will find the house you want.（= If you turn to the right，...）

（4）Concession（让步）

Admitting what you say，I still think you made a mistake.（= Though I admit what you say，...）

（5）Connection（连续）

The flames rose higher and higher，throwing their light far and wide.（= The flames rose higher and higher，and threw their light...）

（6）The boy，having been praised，worked the harder.（= The boy，as he had been praised，worked the harder.）

以上所举各例，都是副词从句的 Subject 和分词从句的 Subject 为同一的场合，才可以这样换用的。又主句的主语为名词时，用分词开始的短语，置于主语的前后都可以，但主语如为代词时，就只能置于主语之前，不能置于主语之后。例如：

Hearing a footstep outside，the burglar at once ran away. 或 The burglar，hearing a footstep outside，at once ran away.（主语的名词）

Having finished my home task of algebra，I went out for a walk.（主语的代词）

〔注意〕第二例不能说成 I，having finished...，went out for a walk. 因为主语是代词。

又两个分句如果主语不同的话，改成分词后仍须保留其主语，以构成独立结构（Absolute Construction）。因为独立分词（Absolute Participle）虽无语法上的主语，却有意味上的主语，即 Sense-Subject，它和主句的主语不是同一的，所以不能共用而将此省略，例如 When the sun had set，we started for home. 一句，其副词从句中的主语为 the sun，其主句中的主语为 we，二者并非同一，若改为独立构造时，两个主语都得保存，即 The sun having set，we started for home. 兹再举一个 Sense-Subject 的例如下：

The teacher absenting himself，there was no school.（= As the teacher absented himself，there was no school.）

另外还有一种略去 Sense-Subject 的独立分词的例：

（1）Strictly speaking，this is not correct.（= If we speak strictly，this is，...）

（2）Talking of steamers，how many have we in our country？（= Now that we are talking of steamers，how many...）

（3）Assuming that he had some excuse，he still acted harshly.（= Though we assume that he...）

（4）Judging from his accent，he seems to be a man from Kwangtung.（= If we judge from his accent...）

分词可以表示现在也可表示过去，全依后面主句的动词时态而定：

（d）分词用于补语的场合：

1. 主语的补语（Subjective Complement）

a. Present Participle：

（1）He went begging from door to door.

（2）She stood gazing at the scene.

b. Past Participle：

（1）He died loved by all.

（2）Soon it became known to the villagers.

2. 宾语的补语（Objective Complement）

a. Present Participle：

（1）He kept me waiting.

（2）I found my friend sleeping on a rock.

b. Past Participle：

（1）She wept to see him killed.

（2）I had my shoes stolen.

（e）关于分词的特别用法：

1. have... Past Participle

（1）I had my purse stolen in the bus last night.

（2）I had my foot severely trodden upon in the car.

（3）He had his arm sprained.

〔注〕这种 Passive 都是无意志的，所以是单纯的“被动”，如果加入意志进去，就变成“使动”了。

2. Get... Past Participle

（1）He has got a new house built.（使动）

（2）He got（= had）his arm broken.（被动）

（3）I must get my work finished by the evening.（做完）

（三）动名词

1. 动名词（Gerund）和现在分词同形，但兼有动词和名词的双重性质所以可代 Noun 用，而分词是兼有动词和形容词的双重性质，所以可代 Adjective 用。

Who is the man reading at the table？（分词）

He spends most of his time in reading.（动名词）

在第一句中作分词用的 reading = that is reading，是 man 的形容词，在第二句中作动名词用的 reading，只是“读书那回事”，而且是介词 in 的宾语。

动名词虽说可代 Noun 用，但它究竟与 Noun 有别。

A. 动名词是有“动词 + 名词”性质的，所以在其后面可接“宾语”、“补语”或“副词”，普通的名词便办不到。

（1）Doing nothing is doing ill.（加宾语）

（2）He is proud of his son being a clever boy.（加补语）

（3）He excused himself for coming late.（加副词）

（4）Excuse me for not having answered your letter at once.（加副词短语）

B. 动名词既有动词的性质，所以它有 Tense 和 Voice，普通的名词便没有。

（1）I am sorry for having broken the glass.（完成时态）

（2）I just missed being run over.（被动语态）

C. 在 Gerund 之外，又还有一种 Verbal Noun，是和 Gerund 同形的，但用法却不同，不仅在其前可加冠词或形容词，其本身上也可加 s 作成复数，但不能如 Gerund 一样伴用宾语、补语或副词。

1.	a. Rising early is good for the health.（Gerund） b. Early rising is good for the health.（Verbal Noun）

2.	a. Writing novels is not an easy task.（Gerund） b. The writing of novels is not an easy task.（Verbal Noun）

在1. 的 a. 句中的 early 是副词，修饰 Gerund 的 rising 的，在 b. 句中的 early 是形容词，修饰 Verbal Noun 的 rising 的，在2. 的 a. 句中的 novels 为 writing 的宾语，所以这个 writing 为 Gerund，在 b.句中的 writing 前加有冠词，又伴有 of novels 的形容词短语，所以是 Verbal Noun。

2. 动名词既能有 Noun 的作用所以它可作主语、宾语及补语用。

（1）Sleeping is necessary to life.（主语）

（2）Seeing is believing.（主语和补语）

（3）I like sleeping in the open air.（动词的宾语）

（4）I am fond of sleeping.（介词的宾语）

比较:	Sleeping is necessary to health.（Gerund） To sleep is necessary to health.（Infinifive） Sleep is necessary to health.（Noun）

由于用的动词不同，后面有的要接动名词，有的要接不定词，有的二者都可以接，如：

（1）I like getting（to got）up early.

（2）I don’t care to go abroad.

（3）Would you mind shutting the window？

（4）I forbid you to smoke.

（5）The law prohibits minors from smoking.

（6）Illness prevented me from attending school.

（7）I could hardly keep from smiling.

（8）I have not quite finished packing yet.

（9）I stopped（= ceased from）smoking.（戒烟）

（10）I stopped（= halted）to smoke.（= in order to smoke. 抽烟）

又 Gerund 可作介词的宾语，而 Infinitive 则不可，如 He has come to Taiwan with the object of seeing（不能说 to see）sights.

3. 动名词虽无明确的 Tense，但从前后的关系可以判断。

（1）I have no doubt of your succeeding.（= I have no doubt that you will succeed.）

（2）I am sure of your being able to solve this question.（= I am sure that you are able to solve this question.）

（3）I am sure of his having said so.（= I am sure that he has said 〔或 said〕 so.）

（4）I was not aware of his being such a rich man.（= I was not aware that he was such a rich man.）

（5）He denied having done it.（= He denied that he had done it.）

比较:	He repents of having been idle.（= He repents that he was 〔或 has been 〕idle.） He repented of having been idle.（= He repented that he had been idle.）

4. 动名词的 Sense-Subject。

（1）I regret having said so.（= I regret I said〔have said〕so.）

（2）I regret his having said so.（= I regret that he said 〔has said〕so.）

用动名词来缩短的分句中，主语如系有生物时，就要加所有格的 s，无生物时便不要加 s，如

（1）His father’s being rich is known to all.（= That his father is rich is known to all.）

（2）I am glad of examination being over.（= I am glad that the examination is over.）

5. 关于动名词的主要成语。

（1）There is no going out in such dirty weather.（= It is impossible to go out in...）

（2）On waking up，he saw that another caravan had arrived.

（3）It is no use complaining.（= It is of no use to complain.）

（4）Let us go boating together this afternoon.

（5）The place is worth visiting.

（6）It is worth your while to visit the place.

（7）He adorned the walls with pictures of his painting.（= He adorned the walls with pictures painted by himself.）

（8）I came near being drowned.（= I was nearly drowned.）

（9）I felt like crying.（= I felt inclined to cry.）