(4)语句的扩大

照第二讲所述,语句的构成有四种句式,最简单的就是“主语 + 谓语”,例如 Birds sing. 但英文中毕竟很少见到这样简单的句子。为什么少呢?因为句式尽管简单得只有一个主语和一个谓语,但文字绝不限于两个字。我们可以在那主语和谓语上,加添许多修饰语(Modifier),那句子自然就变长了。例如上举的“Birds sing.”这个句子,我们就可以说“Little birds sing sweetly”,又可以说“The little birds in my garden sing sweetly every morning”,诸如此类,尽可以拉长,但在句式上看来,它还是“主语 + 谓语”的一个简单句子。

一个句子比方作人体的话,其中的主语就是人体的头。这头上可以插花,可以戴帽,可以御眼镜,可以戴耳环,这些装饰在头上的东西,就通称为装饰品,在句子的主语上,就叫作修饰语。修饰语是限定那个主语等的意义的,可大别为名词修饰语和动词修饰语两类。名词修饰语是形容词,而动词修饰语就是副词。修饰语放在那主词的前面或是后面的时候,就称为附加的用法(Attributive Use),作为动词的补足语时,就叫作叙述的用法(Predicative Use)。现在分别举例说明一下。

Ⅰ. 形容词的“附加的用法”和“叙述的用法”:

(a)附加的用法:A heavy shower fell today.

I see something white in the distance.

(b)叙述的用法:This rose smells sweet.

Happy is the man who is contented.

Ⅱ. 副词的“附加的用法”和“叙述的用法”:

(a)附加的用法:I missed the last up train last night.

I met him on my way back.

(b)叙述的用法:The stars are out.

Off the train goes.

形容词的修饰语用来修饰主语,而副词的修饰语就用来修饰谓语。主要的主语修饰语(Subject Modifier),有下列四种:

①A national flag is the symbol of a country.(以 Adjective 为修饰语。)

②The best way to learn English is learning by heart.(以 Adjective Infinitive 为修饰语。)

③The book on the desk is not mine.(以 Adjective Phrase 为修饰语。)

④The house which he lives in is at the top of the hill.(以 Adjective Clause 为修饰语。)

句中的宾语和补语,如果是名词的话,也同样地可以加上述的四种修饰语,例如:

I know the best way to learn English.(宾语修饰语。)

This is the best way to learn English.(补语修饰语。)

主语修饰语除上述的以外,还可以用同位语(Appositive),例如:

My friend,Wang,is very honest.(同位单词。)

Chang,the moniter of our class,is a star football player.(同位短语。)

My wish,that she would come to the party,was gratified.(同位分句。)

主要的谓语修饰语(Predicate Modifier),同样地也有四种,即:

①He speaks English fluently.(以 Adverb 为修饰语。)

②He goes to see his mother.(以 Adverb Infinitive 为修饰语。)

③I usually study in my study.(以 Adverb Phrase 为修饰语。)

④I will wait till he comes.(以 Adverb Clause 为修饰语。)

在副词上还可以再加副词短语来修饰,以补充其意义,而扩大其语句。例如“He is out in the garden. ”。