Section D　Citation　引文

A citation① is a reference to a published or unpublished source.More precisely，a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes① an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.

The forms of citations generally subscribe to② one of the generally accepted citations systems，such as the Oxford，Harvard，MLA③，American Sociological Association（ASA），American Psychological Association（APA），and other citations systems，because their syntactic④ conventions are widely known and easily interpreted⑤ by readers.Each of these citation systems has its advantages and disadvantages.Editors often specify the citation system to use.

Broadly speaking，there are two types of citation systems，the Vancouver system and parenthetical⑥ referencing.However，the Council of Science Editors（CSE）adds a third，the citation-name system.

Vancouver system 温哥华系统

The Vancouver system，also known as Vancouver reference style or the author-number system，is a citation style that uses numbers within the text that refer to numbered entries in the reference list.It is popular in the physical sciences and is one of the two referencing systems normally used in medicine，the other being the author-date，or “Harvard”，system.Vancouver style is used by MEDLINE and PubMed.

Hundreds of scientific journals use author-number systems.They all follow the same essential logic（that is，numbered citations pointing to numbered list entries），although the trivial details of the output mask⑦，such as punctuation，casing of titles，and italic，vary widely among them.They have existed for over a century；the names “Vancouver system” or “Vancouver style”have existed since 1978.The latest version of the latter is Citing Medicine⑧.

In the broad sense，the Vancouver system refers to any author-number system regardless of the formatting details.A narrower definition of the Vancouver system refers to a specific author-number format specified by the ICMJE Recommendations（Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts，URM）.For example，the AMA（American Medical Association）reference style is Vancouver style in the broad sense because it is an author-number system that conforms⑨ to the URM，but not in the narrow sense because its formatting differs in some minor details from the NLM/PubMed style（such as what is italicized and whether the citation numbers are bracketed）.

Author-number systems have existed for over a century and throughout that time have been one of the main types of citation style in scientific journals（the other being authordate）.In 1978，a committee of editors from various medical journals，the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors（ICMJE），met in Vancouver，BC①，Canada to agree to a unified set of requirements for the articles of such journals.This meeting led to the establishment of the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals（URMs）.Part of the URMs is the reference style，for which the ICMJE selected the long-established author-number principle.

The URMs were developed 15 years before the World Wide Web debuted.During those years，they were published as articles or supplements in various ICMJE member journals.These included the 1991 BMJ② publication，the 1995 CMAJ③ publication and the 1997 Annals of Internal Medicine④ publication.In the late 1990s and early 2000s，journals were asked to cite the 1997 JAMA⑤ version when reprinting the uniform requirements.

In the early 2000s，with the Web having become a major force in academic life，the idea gradually took hold that the logical home for the latest edition of the URMs would be the ICMJE website itself （as opposed to whichever journal article or supplement had most recently published an update）.For example，as of 2004，the editors of Haematologica decided simply to invite their authors to visit www.icmje.org for the 2003 revision of the uniform requirements.

Since the early to mid-2000s，the United States National Library of Medicine （which runs MEDLINE and PubMed）has hosted the ICMJE’s “Sample References” pages.Around 2007，the NLM created Citing Medicine，its style guide for citation style，as a new home for the style's details.The ICMJE Recommendations now point to Citing Medicine as the home for the formatting details of Vancouver style.

Citing Medicine，from the National Library of Medicine，provides assistance to authors in compiling lists of references for their publications，to editors in revising such lists，to publishers in setting reference standards for their authors and editors，and to librarians and others in formatting bibliographic citations.It is one of the primary style manuals used by scientific publishers and can be downloaded from the internet.

References are numbered consecutively in order of appearance in the text—they are identified by Arabic numerals in parentheses（1），square brackets ［1］，superscript1，or a combination［1］.The number usually appears at the end of the material it supports，and an entry in the reference list would give full bibliographical information for the source：

Blood loss and the number of patients requiring post-operative blood transfusions were significantly greater，but operation and fluoroscopy① times were significantly shorter，for the DCS② versus the PFNA③ group［1］.

And the entry in the reference list would be：1.Xu YZ，Geng DC，Mao HQ，Zhu XS，Yang HL（2010）.“A comparison of the proximal femoral nail antirotation device and dynamic hip screw in the treatment of unstable pertrochanteric fracture④”. J Int Med Res⑤.38：1266-1275.PMID 20925999.

Several descriptions of the Vancouver system say that the number can be placed outside the text punctuation to avoid disruption to the flow of the text，or be placed inside the text punctuation，and that there are different cultures in different traditions.The first method is recommended by some universities and colleges，while the latter method is required by scientific publications such as the MLA and IEEE⑥ except for in the end of a block quotation.（IEEE are using Vancouver style labels within brackets，for example ［1］to cite the first reference in the list，but otherwise refer to Chicago Style Manual.）The original Vancouver system documents（the ICMJE recommendations and Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals）do not discuss placement of the citation mark.

General Rules for Names：

● List names in the order they appear in the text

● Enter surname（family or last name）first for each author

● Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the document cited on the assumption that the author approved the form used.For example：Van Der Horn or van der Horn；De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.

● Convert given（first）names and middle names to initials，for a maximum of two initials following each surname

● Give all authors，regardless of the number

● Separate author names from each other by a comma and a space

● End author information with a period

● No author can be found

See exceptions for Author in Appendix F：Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®.

Although Citing Medicine does not explicitly mandate merging initials（e.g.“R.K.” would be merged into “RK”），the examples used throughout the book do.

General rules for standard journal articles：

● Leurs R，Church MK，Taglialatela M.H1-antihistamines：inverse agonism①，antiinflammatory actions and cardiac effects.Clin Exp Allergy②.2002 Apr；32（4）：489-498.

● Tashiro J，Yamaguchi S，Ishii T，Suzuki A，Kondo H，Morita Y，Hara K，Koyama I.Inferior oncological prognosis of surgery without oral chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer in clinical settings.World J Surg Oncol③.2014 May 10；12（1）：145.［Epub ahead of print］

As an option，if a journal carries continuous pagination throughout a volume（as many medical journals do），the month and issue number may be omitted.

● Thomas MC.Diuretics，ACE inhibitors④ and NSAIDs—the triple whammy⑤. Med J

Aust⑥.2000；172：184-185.

The NLM lists all authors for all articles，because it is appropriate for capturing all authors and all of their publications in the MEDLINE database to be found by searches.However，in the reference lists of articles，most journals truncate the list after 3 or 6 names，followed by “et al.”（which most medical journals do not italicize）：

● Guilbert TW，Morgan WJ，Zeiger RS，Mauger DT，Boehmer SJ，Szefler SJ，et al.Longterm inhaled corticosteroids in preschool children at high risk for asthma.N Engl J Med⑦.2006 May 11；354（19）：1985-1997.

Optionally，a unique identifier（such as the article's DOI or PMID）may be added to the citation：

● von Itzstein M，Wu WY，Kok GB，Pegg MS，Dyason JC，Jin B，et al. Rational design of potent sialidase-based inhibitors of influenza virus replication⑧.Nature.1993 Jun 3；363（6428）：418-423.PMID 8502295.

NLM elides⑨ ending page numbers and uses a hyphen as the range indicating character（184-5）.Some journals do likewise，whereas others expand the ending page numbers in full（184-185），use an en dash instead of a hyphen（184-5），or both（184-185）.

Virtually all medical journal articles are published online.Many are published online only，and many others are published online ahead of print.For the date of online publication，at the end of the citation NLM puts “［Epub Year Mon Day］”（for online-only publication）or “［Epub ahead of print］” for online ahead of print（with the month and day following the year in its normal position）.In contrast，AMA style puts “［published online Month Day，Year］” at the end of the article title.It no longer uses the term “Epub” and no longer includes the words “ahead of print”.It omits the year from its normal location after the journal title abbreviation if there is no print data to give（online-only publication）.

The titles of journals are abbreviated.There are no periods in the abbreviation.A period comes after the abbreviation，delimiting① it from the next field.The abbreviations are standardized.The standardization was formerly incomplete and internal to organizations such as NLM.

Authors can look into the table of Vancouver reference style guide in the internet for brief information of citing books，world wide web，government publications，etc.，and Citing Medicine，the NLM style guide for authors，editors，and publishers for detail reference.

Parenthetical referencing 括号引文

Parenthetical referencing，also known as Harvard referencing，is a citation style in which partial citations—for example，“（Smith 2010，p.1）”—are enclosed within parentheses and embedded in the text，either within or after a sentence.They are accompanied by a full，alphabetized list of citations in an end section，usually titled “references”，“reference list”，“works cited”，or “end-text citations”.

There are two styles of parenthetical referencing：

Author-date：primarily used in the natural sciences and social sciences，and recommended by the American Chemical Society and the American Psychological Association（APA）.

Author-title or author-page：primarily used in the arts and the humanities，and recommended by the Modern Language Association（MLA）.

In the author-date method（Harvard referencing），the in-text citation is placed in parentheses after the sentence or part thereof that the citation supports.The citation includes the author's name，year of publication，and page number（s）when a specific part of the source is referred to（Smith 2008，p.1）or（Smith 2008：1）.A full citation is given in the references section：Smith，John（2008）.Name of Book.Name of Publisher.

The structure of a citation under the author-date method is the author's surname，year of publication，and page number or range，in parentheses，as illustrated in the Smith example near the top of this article.

The page number or page range is omitted if the entire work is cited.The author's surname is omitted if it appears in the text.Thus we may say：“Jones（2001）revolutionized the field of trauma② surgery.”

Two authors are cited using “and” or “&”：（Deane and Jones 1991）or（Deane & Jones 1991）.More than two authors are cited using “et al.”：（Smith et al.1992）.

In some documentation systems（e.g.，MLA style），an unknown date is cited as having “no date of publication” by the abbreviation for “no date”（Deane，n.d.）.

In such documentation systems，works without pagination are referred to in the References list as “not paginated” with the abbreviation for that phrase（n.pag.）.

“No place of publication” and/or “no publisher” are both designated the same way（n.p.）and placed in the appropriate spot in the bibliographical citation（Harvard Referencing.N.p.）.

A reference to a republished work is cited with the original publication date either in square brackets（Marx ［1867］1967，p.90）or separated with a slash（Marx，1867/1967，p.90）.The inclusion of the original publication year qualifies the suggestion otherwise that the publication originally occurred in 1967.

If an author published several books in 2005，the year of the first publication（in the alphabetic order of the references）is cited and referenced as 2005a，the second as 2005b and so on.

A citation is placed wherever appropriate in or after the sentence.If it is at the end of a sentence，it is placed before the period，but a citation for an entire block quote immediately follows the period at the end of the block since the citation is not an actual part of the quotation itself.

Complete citations are provided in alphabetical order in a section following the text，usually designated as “Works cited” or “References.” The difference between a “works cited” or“references” list and a bibliography is that a bibliography may include works not directly cited in the text.

All citations are in the same font as the main text.

Note that “the 'Harvard System' is something of a misnomer，as there is no official institutional① connection.It's another name for the author-date citation system，the custom of using author and date in parentheses，e.g.，（Robbins 1987）to refer readers to the full bibliographic citations in appended bibliographies.Some Harvard faculty were among the first practitioners in the late 19th century，and the name stuck，particularly in England and the Commonwealth countries.”

Also note that there is no official guide to Harvard citation style，consequently variations occur across various online Harvard citation and referencing guides.For example，some universities instruct students to type a book's publication date without parentheses in the reference list.

An example of a journal reference is as follows：

Heilman，J.M.and West，A.G.（2015）.Wikipedia and Medicine：Quantifying Readership，Editors，and the Significance of Natural Language.Journal of Medical Internet Research，17（3），p.e62.doi：10.2196/jmir.4069.

“Heilman，J.M.and West，A.G.” are the first listed author's names inverted in the bibliography entry；“（2015）” is the year of publication；“Wikipedia and Medicine：Quantifying Readership，Editors，and the Significance of Natural Language.” is the article title；Journal of Medical Internet Research is the journal title which is usually in italic type；17 and（3）are the volume and（issue）；“p.e62” is page numbers，specific page number in a note or page range in a bibliography entry；and “doi：” is the digital object identifier.

Examples of book references are：

● Smith，J.（2005a）.Dutch Citing Practices.The Hague：Holland Research Foundation.

● Smith，J.（2005b）.Harvard Referencing.London：Jolly Good Publishing.

In giving the city of publication，an internationally well-known city（such as London，The Hague，or New York）is given as the city alone.If the city is not internationally well known，the country（or state and country if in the U.S.）is given.

An example of a newspaper reference：

● Bowcott，Owen（October 18，2005）.“Protests halt online auction to shoot stag”，The Guardian.

APA reference style① can be checked online and can be downloaded free of charge.

In the author-title or author-page method，also referred to as MLA style，the in-text citation is placed in parentheses after the sentence or part thereof that the citation supports，and includes the author's name（a short title only is necessary when there is more than one work by the same author）and a page number where appropriate（Smith 1）or（Smith，Playing 1）.（No “p.” or “pp.”prefaces the page numbers and main words in titles appear in capital letters，following MLA style guidelines.）A full citation is given in the references section.

Activities 1-4

1.Search and read Late Ebola virus relapse causing meningoencephalitis：a case report in PubMed.Demonstrate how to cite it in a reference list of your journal article.

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2.How will you write reference list citation for the following information？

论文名称：新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间肺癌患者的应对措施；论文作者：王希方，秦思达，白俊，何莉，雷雨；杂志名称：现代肿瘤医学；出版日期：2020-03-19；第18卷；第165至168页

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Exercises

1.Translate the following terms by defining the word parts.

1）hematology__________ hemat/o__________ -logy___________________

2）tumorigenesis__________ tumor/i_________ -genesis________________

3）eosinophil__________ eosin/o_________ -phil___________________

4）glycoprotein__________ glyc/o__________ -protein_________________

5）nucleocapsid__________ nucle/o_________ -capsid_________________

6）de-identify___________ de-___________ identify_________________

7）fluoroscopy__________ fluor/o__________ -scopy__________________

8）antiviral____________ anti-__________ -viral___________________

9）prognosis___________ pro-____________ -gnosis__________________

10）otolaryngology_________ ot/o___________ -laryng/o________________

2.Match the medical terms in English in Column I with the medical terms in Chinese in Column II.

Column I 　Column II

1）palpebral 　__a）干预

2）stroma 　__b）结局

3）glial 　__c）有丝分裂的

4）mitotic 　__d）神经胶质的

5）adherence 　__e）经验的，实证的

6）replication 　__f）严谨的

7）rigorous 　__g）复制

8）empirical 　__h）依从性

9）intervention 　__i）眼睑的

10）outcome 　__j）基质

3.Translations.

1）Translate the following Chinese into a compound English sentence.

URMs的一部分是参考文献格式，ICMJE为此选择了由来已久的著者-编号制。

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2）Translate the following Chinese into a complex English sentence.

她接受了病变的手术切除术，组织学检查显示伸展细胞型室管膜瘤（世界卫生组织二级）。

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3）Translate the following Chinese into a Compound-complex English sentence.

野生型饮食基础的小鼠CAVD模型之前已经显示了单核巨噬细胞、脂质和脂蛋白的沉积，但据我们所知，这种饮食基础的模型没有表现出早期钙化，如茜素红S（ARS）染色阳性、骨桥蛋白和Run相关转录因子2（RUNX2）的阳性表达。

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4.Write a case report in English or translate a Chinese case report into English and edit it；the information specified in the CARE checklist must be included.