5.2　课后习题详解

课内练习1　逻辑关联

段落翻译

1. Self-esteem is feeling worthy and able to meet life’s challenges. It is as essential as the air we breathe, and just as intangible. It comes from the depths of our core, yet it is reflected in every outward action we take, grand or small. It is the essence from which we measure our worth and the most important building block in the foundation of our intangible.

【提示】meet life’s challenges可译为“接受人生/生活的挑战”；from the depths of our core可译为“来源于我们的心灵深处”；in every outward action we take, grand or small更需要意译，可考虑译为“一举一动”。

【答案】自尊自重是相信自身价值并能接受人生挑战。它就像我们呼吸的空气一样，看似无形却是不可或缺的。它源自心深处，体现在我们外在的一举一动中，不论庄重盛大还是谨小慎微的。它是衡量我们自身价值的本质所在，也是我们形成自身无形价值最重要的奠基石。

2. We do not seem to realize that very little excellence is achieved by living a well-balanced life. Edison, Ford, Einstein, Freud all had single-minded devotion to work whereby they sacrificed many things, including family and friendship. The accusation is made that workaholics bear guilt by not being good parents or spouses. But guilt can exist in balanced life also. Consider how many “normal” people find, at middle-age, that they have never done anything well—they are going to settle for less than what they could have become.

【提示】very little excellence is achieved by living a well-balanced life可译为“取得卓越的成就很少是通过四平八稳的生活实现的”。settle for less than what they could have become必须加以引申进行意译，如译为“他们原本可以有所作为，但现在却只能就此罢休。”

【答案】我们似乎尚未认识到，在各方面兼顾的生活中很难取得杰出的成就。爱迪生、福特、爱因斯坦和弗洛伊德都是一心一意地投入到工作中，为此他们牺牲了很多东西，包括家庭和友谊。有人指责工作狂说他们应为没有做好父母或配偶而感到内疚。但是在平衡的生活中也存在着罪恶感。想想有多少的“正常”人发现，人到中年什么事也没有做好——他们没有取得本应取得的成就而只能得过且过。

3. One of the generalities most often noted about Americans is that we are a restless, a dissatisfied, a searching people. We bridle and buck under failure, and we go mad with dissatisfaction in the face of success. We spend our time searching for security, and hate it when we get it. For the most part we are an intemperate people: we eat too much when we can, drink too much, indulge our senses too much. Even in our so-called virtues we are intemperate: a teetotaler is not content not to drink—he must stop all the drinking in the world; a vegetarian among us would outlaw the eating of meat. We work too hard, and many die under the strain; and then to make up for that we play with a violence as suicidal.

【提示】a restless，a dissatisfied，a searching people可译为“生性好动、从不满足、乐于探索”；go mad with dissatisfaction in the face of success可译为“面对成功，我们却不满足，表现出烦躁不安”；hate it when we get it可译为“一旦获得却对此感到厌倦”；indulge, our senses too much可译为“纵情声色”。

【答案】最常被注意到的美国人的共性是，我们是一个躁动、不知足、勤于探索的民族。我们愤恨失败、不认输，纵然成功了也发疯般地不满足。我们花时间寻求安全感，但得到之后又厌恶它。多数情况下，我们是一个放纵的民族：能吃能喝的时候，吃太多，喝太多，太纵容我们的感官。即使我们所谓的高尚的品德，也同样是放纵的。禁酒者们并不满足于自己涓滴不沾，他们还一定要在世界范围内禁酒。而素食者们则志在从法律上取缔食肉习惯。我们拼命工作，许多人死于过度劳累；为了补偿这一点，我们又自杀般地拼命玩。

4. A good companion is better than a fortune, for a fortune cannot purchase those elements of character which make companionship a blessing. The best companion is one who is wiser and better than ourselves, for we are inspired by his wisdom and virtue to nobler deeds. Greater wisdom and goodness than we possess lifts us higher mentally and morally.

【提示】for a fortune cannot purchase those elements of character which make companionship a blessing这句话应根据上下文变通翻译，不应受原文外形的限制，可译为“因为财富买不到交友中使你受益的那些宝贵的东西”。

【答案】一个好友胜过一笔财富，因为财富买不到交友中使你受益的那些宝贵的东西。最好的朋友是那些比我们更睿智且更出色的人，他们的智慧和美德会激发我们去做更高尚的事情。他们有着比我们更多的智慧和更高尚的情操，可以在精神上和道德上将我们带入一个新的境界。

5. We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person’s knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to devise anything more efficient and reliable than examination. For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person’s true ability and aptitude.

【提示】翻译第一句时应侧重于语篇考虑，基本意思是：别的学科都有惊人的进展，唯有考试方式没有什么改变。they more often do the exact opposite可译为“实际情况常常与之相反”。

【答案】我们会对各个研究领域所取得的进步而感到惊讶。但是，测试人们知识和能力的方法却仍然一成不变。这么多年来，教育家们仍没能设计出比考试更可靠、更有效的方法，这真的太奇怪了。尽管人们一再声称考试可以测试你的知识。然而，众所周知的是，实际情形正好相反。用来测试记忆力，或测试人们在很大的压力下快速学习的技能，考试也许是一种有效的方法，但它绝不可能测试出一个人的真实能力。

课内练习2　顺序调整

段落翻译

1. Recently psychologists have found only about two percent of adults use their creativity, compared with ten percent of seven-year-old children. When five-year-olds were tested, the result soared to ninety percent! The findings set off many people thinking. Curiosity and originality are daily occurrences for the small child, but somehow most of us lose the freedom and flexibility of the child as we grow older. The need to follow “directions” and “do-it-right”, plus the many societal constraints we put on ourselves, prevent us from using our creative potential.

【提示】set off…thinking可译为“引起……思考，发人深省”；daily occurrences宜译为动词词组；prevent us from using our creative potential需要引申翻译，如译为“使我们无法发挥自己的创造潜力”。

【答案】最近，心理学家们发现，在使用创造力方面成人只占2%，而在7岁的儿童中竟有10%。如果在5岁的儿童中进行测试，这个数字则飙升到了90%。这些发现发人深省。好奇心和创造性每天都会发生在小孩子子的身上，但当我们逐渐长大时，我们中的大多数人都丧失了孩童时的那种自由和灵活。“按指示去做”，“按正确的去做”，以及种种社会的清规戒律把我们束缚住了，使我们无法发挥自己的创造性潜力。

2. One of the basic questions facing our society today is: What promise or threat does new technology hold for our global future? Since the decisions our society makes about technological development will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in the years to come, it is urgently necessary to explore this question, especially by examining science and technology in their relationship to development of humanity.

【提示】hold for...在这里可译为“为……带来”；have tremendous consequences可译为“产生巨大的影响”。

【答案】当今社会面临的基本问题之一是：新技术会给世界的将来带来什么样的希望或威胁？由于我们的社会所作出的关于技术发展的决定会毫无疑问对未来产生巨大影响，因此探索这个问题，尤其是通过检查科学技术与人类发展的关系去探索就变得非常紧迫和必要了。

3. Traditionally, young adults are preoccupied with business careers, financial success, the accumulation of possessions and comfortable living. But now the pendulum seems to be swinging the other way. According to the 1994 census, many counter-culture ideas have entered mainstream culture. More people are defining success in terms of intangibles—creativity, autonomy, pleasure, participation, adventure, stimulation, and love. Many are questioning the kinds of work society offers and the payoffs it provides. And many are dissatisfied with the traditional social identifies of wife and husband.

【提示】are preoccupied with译为“一心想着……；专注于……”；the pendulum seems to be swinging the other way可根据上下文直译或意译。

【答案】传统上来说，青年人专注于事业、成功、积累财富以及舒适的生活。但现在他们的关注点似乎发生了变化。根据1994年的调查，许多反主流文化的观念已进入了主流文化。更多的人用无形的东西来定义成功，比如创造力、自主性、快乐、参与、冒险、刺激和爱。许多人质疑社会提供的工作和支付的报酬，并且很多人对妻子和丈夫的传统社会认同感到不满。

4. The proposition which I mean to maintain as the basis of the liberty of the press, and without which it is an empty sound, is this: that every man, not intending to mislead, but seeking to enlighten others with what his own reason and conscience, however erroneously, have dictated to him as truth, may address himself to the universal reason of a whole nation either upon the subject of government in general, or upon that of our own particular country: that he may analyze the principles of its constitution, point out its errors and defects, examine and publish its corruptions, warn his fellow-citizens against their ruinous consequences, and exert his whole faculties in pointing out the most advantageous changes in establishments which he considers to be radically defective, or sliding from theft object by abuse. All this every subject of this country has right to do, if he contemplates only what he thinks would be for its advantage, but seeks to change the public mind by the conviction which flows from reasoning dictated by conscience.

【提示】这是一个长句，必须采用拆译法，以表意明晰为依归。如is this之前的主语部分可以译为：“我主张新闻出版自由必须具备以下的基础（如果失去了这个基础，新闻出版自由只能是一句空话），即……”；all this every subject of this country has right to do可译为“上述这一切，每一个公司都有权去做”。

【答案】我主张新闻出版自由必须具备以下的基础，如果失去了这个基础，新闻出版自由只能是一句空话，即：每个人不是在有意误导别人，而是在寻求用自己的理性和良知来启发别人，不管理性和良知多么错误，对这个人来说都是真理，都能解释无论是以政府为主体的一般情况下的，还是在我们自己特定国家下的普遍原因。他可能会分析其宪法原则，指出其错误和缺陷，研究并公布其贪污，告诫他的同胞其毁灭性的后果，努力在机构中指出最有利的变化，在他看来这些在根本上就有缺陷，从盗窃案件到滥用职权。如果他只考虑那些只是他自己认为存在的优势，却试图通过良心胜于理性的信念来改变公众的想法，那么上述这一切，每一个公民都有权去做。

5. It is simpler to say than to do, but there are ways. The most common is to ban all cigarette advertising on television and films. Another method is to raise cigarette prices with higher tobacco taxes—and use the money for anti-smoking campaigns. But the most important is to make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit by publicizing public awareness of the decline in social acceptability of smoking and its harmful effect.

【提示】It is simpler to say than to do虽然简单，但并不好译。宜译得通俗一点，如“说起来容易，做起来难”“说说容易，真要做起来就不那么简单了。”with higher tobacco taxes宜发挥汉语的动态优势来翻译，如“对烟草课以重税”“增加对烟草的税收”。

【答案】说起来容易，做起来难，不过也有很多方法。最常见的就是在电视和电影上禁止播放烟草广告。另一个方法是提高烟草的价格和增加对烟草的税收，然后用这笔钱来进行禁烟活动。但是，最重要的还是通过宣传社会对吸烟的接受度下降以及吸烟危害健康的公众意识，让吸烟者日益清醒，并对吸烟的习惯感到不安。

下面的原文是《飘》中的一段。请仅对划线的部分进行改进，并说出理由，也可以对该篇译文作一个较为详细的分析。

Gone With the Wind

By Margaret Mitchell

(An excerpt from Chapter 15)

The army, driven back in Virginia, went into winter quarters on the Rapidan—a tired, depleted army since the defeat at Gettysburg—and as the Christmas season approached, Ashley came home on furlough. Scarlett, seeing him for the first time in more than two years, was frightened by the violence of her feelings. When she had stood in the parlour at Twelve Oaks and seen him married to Melanie, she had thought she could never love him with a more heartbreaking intensity than she did at that moment. But now she knew her feelings of that long-past night were those of a spoiled child thwarted of a toy. Now, her emotions were sharpened by her long (1) dreams of him, (2) heightened by the repression she had been forced to put on her (3) tongue.

This Ashley Wilkes in his faded, patched uniform, his blond hair bleached tow by summer suns, was a different man from the (4) easy-going, drowsy-eyed boy she had loved to desperation before the war. (5) And he was a thousand times more thrilling. He was bronzed and lean now, where he had once fair and slender, and the long golden moustache drooping about his month, cavalry she, was the last touch needed to make him the perfect picture of a (6) soldier.

He stood with military straightness in his old uniform, his pistol in its worn holster, his battered scabbard smartly slapping his high boots, his tarnished spurs dully gleaming—Major Ashley Wilkes, U. S. A. The habit of command sat upon him now, a quiet air of self-reliance and authority, and (7) grim lines were beginning to emerge about his mouth. There was something new and strange about the (8) square set of his shoulders and the cool bright gleam of his eyes. Where he had once been lounging and indolent, he was now as alert as a prowling (9) cat, with the tense alertness of one whose nerves are perpetually drawn as tight as the strings of a violin. In his eyes, there was a fagged, haunted look, and the sunburned skin was tight across the (10) fine bones of his face—her same handsome Ashley, yet so very different.

【译文】

联盟军既被打回弗吉尼亚，便都归到刺匹丹河上的冬令营来了。他们自从葛底斯堡吃了那么一个打败仗，元气业已大亏，并且疲倦得不得不休息了。因此将近圣诞节的时候，希礼便也请假回来。思嘉跟他一别两年多，现在重新见面，感情激动得非常厉害，连她自己也觉得吃惊。当初她站在十二根橡树的客厅里，眼看着他跟媚兰结了婚，总以为自己以后即使还爱他，也绝不会跟那一刻的情感一样那么强烈。现在她方才明白，自己那天晚上所经验的情感，实在还不过是一个纵容惯了的孩子得不到玩具时的情感罢了。现在经过了这两年多的离别，她的情绪因对他的长久的（1）梦想而越发（2）尖锐化了，因一直闷在（3）肚里不能说出口而越发高涨了。

卫希礼回家时，身上穿着褪色补缀的军服，头发已被烈日灼晒成了漂过的麻屑一般，跟战前她所痴恋的那个（4）潇洒风流的男子完全不同了。（5）从前他是风度翩翩的，现在变成红铜色了，瘦了。两撇金黄的长髭须挂在口角，竟是一个道地的（6）兵大爷了。

他穿着那件破军服笔挺地站着，破枪袋里装着手枪，破指挥刀在高帮鞋边荡着，生锈的马刺早已失去了光芒——这就是现任联盟军陆军少校的卫希礼。他现在已经养成了命令人的习惯了，颇有一种自信自尊的威严气度，嘴角边上也渐渐长出（7）狰狞的纹路了。他的肩膀本来是（8）方的，他的眼光本来是清澈的，现在都觉有些异样了。从前他一直是那么懒洋洋，不振作，现在他机警得像一头（9）野猫，仿佛他的神经一直都像小提琴的弦线那么紧绷着。他的眼睛里含着忧烦憔悴的神情，他的面皮紧紧绷在两个（10）配置均匀的颊骨上——她所朝思暮想的希礼而今依旧是个美男子，然而与前大不相同了。

【答案】

（1）用词不准确，应把“梦想”改为“思念”。

（2）用成贬义词了，应把“尖锐”改为“升华”。

（3）不雅，应把“肚里”改为“心里”。

（4）错译。应把“潇洒风流”改为“随和懒散”。

（5）错译。应不是指过去，而是指现在，把“从前他是风度翩翩的”改为“现在更是魅力无限了”。

（6）词的色彩错误。应把“兵大爷”改为“军人”。

（7）词的色彩错误。应把“狰狞的”改为“严酷的”。

（8）搭配不当。应把“方的”改为“宽宽的”。

（9）乱加词。应把“野”去掉。

（10）错译。应把“配置均匀”改为“漂亮的”。