- 医学SCI杂志论文阅读与撰写
- 刘明 单宝枝主编
- 3964字
- 2025-03-15 04:20:34
Section B Four Main Sentence Structures of English Language and Long and Difficult Sentences in SCI Journal Papers 英语四个基本句型与SCI杂志论文长难句
Simple sentence 简单句
阅读与撰写SCI杂志论文首先需要明确英语的四个基本句型,即简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句。
简单句是只含有一个主谓语结构的句子,并且句子的各个成分都只由单词或短语构成,无从句。
例1 ① The heart receives the blood from the veins and propels it into the arteries.心脏从静脉接收血液并将其推送到动脉。
② A neuron is the smallest functional unit of the nervous system.神经元是神经系统的最小功能单位。
1.简单句的基本句型
英语简单句可分为五种基本句型,实际上并列句和复合句等其他句子可看成是这几种基本句型的扩展、组合、倒装、省略。这五个基本句型分别是:
(1)主谓结构(S + V):
Blood flows.血液流动。
(2)主系表结构(S + V + P):
Neurons are cells.神经元是细胞。
(3)主谓宾结构(S + V + O):
Blood carries oxygen.血液携带氧。
(4)主谓双宾结构(S + V + IO + DO):
Blood brings tissues oxygen.血液为组织带来氧。
注:间接宾语可以紧接动词之后,也可以用介词后置。
例2 ① Blood brings tissues nutrients.血液为组织带来营养。
② Blood brings nutrients to the tissues.血液给组织带去营养。
③ Blood brings nutrients for the tissues.血液为组织带去营养。
(5)主谓宾宾补结构(S + V + O + C):
宾语补足语指在英语中有些及物动词,接宾语后意义仍不完整,还需要有一个其他的成分,来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等。宾语补足语,简称宾补。宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。而复合宾语的第一部分通常由名词或代词充当,第二部分表示第一部分的名词或代词发出的动作或身份、特征等,这就是宾语补足语。常作宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等。
例3 ① Heart makes the blood flow.心脏使血液流动。
② He could hear his heart beating fast.他能听见他的心脏跳得快。
2.简单句转变为长难句
长难句实际上都是由上述几种简单句基本句型的扩展、组合、倒装、省略等产生的。其基本构成方式主要有4种。第一种,并列简单句中的成分;第二种,在简单句中加入定语、同位语、插入语和状语;第三种,并列两个或多个简单句使简单句变成并列句;第四种,在简单句中加入从句使其变成复合句。下面分别举例论述。
(1)并列简单句中的成分:
在简单句中,我们可以并列几个主语或并列几个谓语而使句子复杂化。这样,简单句就可以有以下四种基本形式:只有一个主语和一个谓语;有几个主语(并列主语)和一个谓语;有一个主语和几个谓语(并列谓语);多个主语和多个谓语。
例 4 ① A 39-year-old female nurse from Scotland,who had assisted the humanitarian effort in Sierra Leone,had received intensive supportive treatment and experimental antiviral therapies,and had been discharged with undetectable Ebola virus RNA in peripheral blood.一名来自苏格兰的39岁女护士曾在塞拉利昂协助人道主义援助,她接受了强化支持治疗和实验性抗病毒治疗,出院时外周血中检测不到埃博拉病毒RNA。
本句的主干是nurse had… and had…,其中had received…和had been discharged…是主句的两个并列谓语。
② Beijing MabWorks Biotech(China)and Gilead Sciences provided investigational medicines free of charge.北京MabWorks生物技术公司(中国)和吉利德科学公司免费提供研究用药物。
本句中的Beijing MabWorks Biotech(China)和 Gilead Sciences是两个公司,构成并列主语。
③ Affect and mood are similar in meaning and refer to the emotions(for example,happiness or sadness).Affect和mood在意思上是相似的,指的是情感(例如,快乐或悲伤)。
本句中的affect和mood为并列主语,are similar和refer to为并列谓语。
④ Thus,for example,a human liver cell and an amoeba are remarkably similar in their means of exchanging materials with their immediate environments,obtaining energy from organic nutrients,synthesizing complex molecules,duplicating themselves,and detecting and responding to signals in their immediate environment.因此,例如,人类的肝细胞和阿米巴虫在与周围环境交换物质、从有机营养物获取能量、合成复杂分子、自我复制,以及在其直接环境中检测和响应信号各方面的方式上非常相似。
本句中of后面并列了5个V-ing短语作介词of的宾语。
并列可以发生在任何部分。名词(及其短语或从句)可以并列,形容词(及其短语)可以并列,动词(及其短语)可以并列,介词短语可以并列,句子也可以并列(即并列句)。
(2)在简单句中加入新成分:
在简单句中加入定语、同位语、插入语、状语等成分也可以使简单句变得复杂,成为长难句。
例 5 ① A 39-year-old female nurse from Scotland,who had assisted the humanitarian effort in Sierra Leone,had received intensive supportive treatment and experimental antiviral therapies,and had been discharged with undetectable Ebola virus RNA in peripheral blood.一名来自苏格兰的39岁女护士曾协助塞拉利昂的人道主义工作,她接受了强化支持治疗和实验性抗病毒治疗,并在外周血中检测不到埃博拉病毒RNA后出院。
A 39-year-old female是nurse的前置定语,from Scotland是nurse的后置定语,who had assisted the humanitarian effort in Sierra Leone是从句,为插入成分,进一步解释限定nurse。在nurse前后加入这些成分使该句传递的信息更多了,同时句子也更复杂了。插入语把主语nurse和它的谓语动词had断开了,加入的两个形容词intensive和supportive使动词received与其宾语treatment的距离拉远了,再加上地点状语in Sierra Leone和伴随状语with undetectable Ebola virus RNA in peripheral blood,这些在句子主干加入的成分,使得句子更复杂了,长度更长,难度加大。
② In view of the severity of clinical illness,we started treatment on day 7 of illness with the experimental nucleoside analogue GS-5734(Gilead Sciences,Foster City,CA,USA),on the basis of potent anti-Ebola virus activity in vitro,encouraging but scant preclinical safety data in humans,and successful treatment of Ebola virus infection in nonhuman primates.鉴于临床疾病的严重性,我们在发病第7天开始使用实验性核苷类似物GS-5734(美国加利福尼亚州福斯特市,吉利德科学公司)进行治疗,基于其体外有效的抗埃博拉病毒活性(令人鼓舞但缺乏人体临床前安全性数据)和成功用于治疗埃博拉病毒在非人灵长类动物中的感染。
本句在简单句的基础上,又加入了几个状语,包括原因状语In view of the severity of clinical illness、时间状语on day 7、方式状语with the experimental nucleoside analogue GS-5734(Gilead Sciences,Foster City,CA,USA)和原因状语 on the basis of potent anti-Ebola virus activity in vitro,encouraging but scant preclinical safety data in humans,and successful treatment of Ebola virus infection in non-human primates.这些状语增加了整个句子的长度和难度。此外,时间状语on day 7 of illness被提前到started treatment 和方式状语with the experimental nucleoside analogue GS-5734之间(这是因为时间状语短,为了符合英语的小头大尾结构习惯、实现句子的平衡而为之),割裂了started treatment 和方式状语之间搭配关系,这就进一步增加了理解的难度。
并列简单句中的成分,在简单句中加入定语、同位语、插入语、状语等成分都会使简单句拉长,有时会造成理解上的困难,形成长难句,使简单句变难。
(3)并列两个或多个简单句:
把两个或多个简单句通过连接词并列起来,使简单句变成并列句,是使简单句变成复杂的长难句的另一个方法。
例 6 Profound fatigue persisted,but consciousness level normalised and cranial nerve palsies partly resolved.深度疲劳持续,但意识水平恢复正常,颅神经麻痹部分缓解。
前后三个简单句,用表示转折的并列连词but和表示承接的并列连词and连接,使本句变成了一个并列句。
(4)在简单句中加入从句:
在简单句中加入从句可使简单句变成复合句,从而使简单句复杂化,也是一种使简单句变成长难句的方法。
例7 Longitudinal studies of Ebola virus in semen suggest that virus is gradually cleared from immune-privileged sites over time without specific treatment.对精液中埃博拉病毒的纵向研究提示,随着时间的推移,病毒会逐渐从免疫豁免部位清除,而无需特殊治疗。
这个句子的主干成分是主语Longitudinal studies of Ebola virus in semen和谓语suggest。其后跟了一个that引导的宾语从句,使这个句子成了主从复合句,增加了句子的难度。
Compound sentence 并列句
并列句是通过并列连词把两个或多个简单句连接起来而形成的句子。
例8 ① Antithyroid peroxidase and thyroid receptor antibodies were negative,whereas thyroglobulin was elevated.抗甲状腺过氧化物酶和甲状腺受体抗体阴性,而甲状腺球蛋白升高。
本句用whereas 把两个简单句连接了起来,形成了并列句。并列句中的各个简单句通常用并列连词或逗号、分号等连接起来。并列连词之前可用逗号,也可不用逗号(但however,therefore,otherwise等并列连词前后都常有逗号)。
并列连词根据不同含义,有很多类别。有表示连接的,如and、so、not only...but also、neither...nor等;表示转折的,如 but、yet、still、however、while等;表示选择的,如 or、or else、otherwise、either...or等;表示原因和结果的,如for、so、therefore等;表示对比的,如while等;表示时间的,如and、then等。下面的句子用转折并列连词but把两个简单句子连接成并列句。
② Convalescent plasma is effective in reducing mortality in Argentine haemorrhagic fever,caused by the Junin arenavirus,but its use is associated with a late neurological syndrome not seen in untreated patients.恢复期血浆可有效降低因鸠宁沙粒病毒引起的阿根廷出血热死亡率,但其使用与晚期神经系统综合征有关,这种综合征未见于未接受治疗的患者中。
Complex sentence 复合句
复合句由一个主句(main clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(subordinate clause)构成。
例 9 ① As expected,antibodies against Ebola virus glycoprotein,nucleocapsid protein,and VP40 matrix protein were present,indicating that despite monocolonal antibody therapy against Ebola virus glycoprotein the patient mounted a broad,endogenous humoral response.正如预期的那样,出现了针对埃博拉病毒的糖蛋白、核衣壳蛋白和VP40基质蛋白的抗体,这表明尽管使用了针对埃博拉病毒糖蛋白的单克隆抗体治疗,但患者仍产生了广泛的内源性体液反应。
本句的主干为:antibodies…were present。短语indicating…为现在分词短语作状语,而indicating后面接that引导的句子,这个句子从属于主句,所以本句属于主从复合句,其中that引导的从句是在动词indicating后面,构成动宾关系,所以是宾语从句。
② A small cluster of Ebola cases occurred in Liberia in November,2015,after human to human transmission was thought to have ended,which WHO has reported was the result of re-emergence of Ebola virus that had persisted in a previously infected individual.2015年11月,在人们认为人际传播已经结束之后,利比里亚出现了一小群埃博拉病例。据世界卫生组织报告,这是埃博拉病毒再次出现的结果,该病毒曾在既往受感染的人身上持续存在。
这句的主干是 A small cluster of Ebola cases occurred in Liberia in November,2015,而后面跟的是after引导的时间状语从句。Which引导的是非限定性定语从句,指代的是句子human to human transmission was thought to have ended。而最后that引导的定语从句修饰Ebola virus。一个主句里面有三个从句,构成了复合句。
复合句是由两个或两个以上的句子构成的,其中一个句子是主句,其他句子是从句,从句也可以是复合句(从句中包含从句),进而,和简单句一样,复合句的主句和从句都可以再加入定语、同位语、插入语、状语等,从而使句子更加复杂、更长,加大了理解的难度。
Compound-complex sentence 并列复合句
并列句中的一个或几个分句中包含有从句的句子,叫做并列复合句。
例10 Previous Ebola outbreaks were much smaller and occurred in resource-limited locations,so it would be unsurprising if the full range of complications has yet to be documented.之前的埃博拉暴发规模要小得多,而且发生在病毒繁殖资源有限的地区,因此,如果完整的并发症没有被记录下来,则不足为奇。
句子Previous Ebola outbreaks were much smaller and occurred in resource-limited locations 和句子it would be unsurprising if the full range of complications has yet to be documented由并列连词so连接成并列句,第二个句子中if引导了条件状语从句,因此是并列复合句。
并列句和复合句都会加大读者理解和作者撰写文章的难度,并列复合句更增加了学习者阅读和撰写SCI杂志论文的难度。
Activities 1-2
1.Rewrite the following complex sentence into a compound one.
Teams of 2 reviewers independently identified,selected,and abstracted data from 14 eligible trials(n = 3 377 men),of which 10 were conducted in North America.
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2.Rewrite the following compound-complex sentence into a complex one.
We showed that selected lactobacilli promoted juvenile growth in a strain-dependent manner,and this manner recapitulated the microbiota’s effect on growth and the somatotropic axis.
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